Qatar - Qatar

Japanese: カタール - かたーる
Qatar - Qatar
Qatar is an emirate that occupies most of the Qatari Peninsula, which juts out into the Persian Gulf in the central-eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Its capital is the modern city of Doha. Its land area is 11,427 square kilometers, which is only about the size of Akita Prefecture. Its population is approximately 2.67 million (as of April 2017). Less than 20% of the population are Arab Qataris, with the majority being migrant workers from South Asia and Iran. The majority of the population is Sunni Muslim. The official language is Arabic, and due to its historically deep ties with the UK, English is used as the second official language. It has high standards of education, medical care, and welfare, and its national income is among the highest in the world. Its economy has relied on exports of natural gas and oil, which it boasts of the third largest estimated reserves in the world, but in recent years it has been focusing on developing new industries such as tourism and finance. It is also the first Middle Eastern country to successfully host the FIFA World Cup (to be held in 2022).
The history of Qatar as an Arab Islamic country began in the 18th century when the Tamim tribe migrated from the Arabian Peninsula. Initially, the Khalifa family ruled over the areas of Qatar and Bahrain, but in the mid-19th century, the current Emir's family, the Thani family, expanded their influence in their place. Furthermore, in 1868, the Thani family signed an agreement with Britain and established control over the Qatari Peninsula. The Khalifa family continues to control Bahrain to this day. Qatar was subsequently ruled by the Ottoman Turks, but in 1913, with the help of Britain, it regained its sovereignty, and three years later it came under British protection.
In 1971, when Britain announced its withdrawal from east of Suez, a movement arose in the Gulf region to form a federal state among the nine emirates. As a result of discussions, seven countries centered around Abu Dhabi and Dubai formed the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but Qatar did not join and, along with Bahrain, became independent on its own. The political situation after independence was unstable, with repeated changes of government through bloodless coups. However, the hereditary emirate system of the Thani family remained unshakable, and the political situation stabilized when Hamad bin Thani became emirate in 1995.
The liberal Hamad worked to improve administrative efficiency and diversify the economy while promoting the development of new natural gas fields. In 1996, he founded the satellite television station Al Jazeera. In 1999, he became the first Gulf country to grant women the right to vote, and in 2003 he enacted a constitution that provides for the separation of powers. In foreign affairs, he has placed a high priority on the United States, allowing the US Air Force to be stationed in the country, while also maintaining friendly relations with Iran and Turkey, thus pursuing an all-round diplomacy. In 2013, Hamad announced his abdication in favor of his fourth son, Tamim. At the young age of 33, Tamim became the eighth Emir of Qatar.

(Hideki Osako, Freelance Editor/2017)

Qatar

In the fields of medicine and biochemistry, mole per second (mol/s) is used as a unit to indicate the activity of enzymes that promote reactions in the body. In order to ensure human health and safety, it was decided at the 21st General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1999 that the "kat" representing mole per second would be added to the International System of Units (SI) as a derived unit with its own name, as a common and easy-to-use unit in these fields as well.

(Hidetaka Imai, Research Advisor, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology / 2008)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
アラビア半島中東部、ペルシャ湾に突き出たカタール半島の大部分を占める首長国。首都は、近代都市のドーハ。国土面積は1万1427平方キロメートルで、秋田県ほどに過ぎない。人口は約267万人(2017年4月)。このうちアラブ系のカタール人は2割以下で、南アジアやイランからの出稼ぎ労働者が多くを占めている。国民の大半は、イスラム教スンニ派。公用語はアラビア語で、歴史的にイギリスとの関係が深いことから、第2公用語に英語を採用している。教育・医療・福祉の水準は高く、国民所得は世界トップレベル。経済は、世界第3位の推定埋蔵量を誇る天然ガスと石油の輸出に依存してきたが、近年は観光業や金融業など、新たな産業の育成に力を入れている。また、中東の国としては初めてFIFAワールドカップ(22年開催)の誘致にも成功した。
18世紀、アラビア半島からタミーム部族が移住してきたのが、アラブ系イスラム教国としての歴史の始まりである。当初、ハリファ家がカタールとバーレーン一帯を支配していたが、19世紀半ば、現在の首長家であるサーニー家がハリファ家に代わり勢力を拡大した。更にサーニー家は、1868年にイギリスと協定を結び、カタール半島の支配権を確立した。なお、バーレーンの支配権はハリファ家が継続し、現在に至っている。その後カタールはオスマン・トルコの支配を受けたが、1913年にイギリスの働きかけで主権を回復し、3年後イギリスの保護下に入った。
71年、イギリスがスエズ以東からの撤退を表明すると、湾岸地域では九つの首長国による連邦国家結成の動きが起こった。協議の結果、アブダビとドバイを中心とする7カ国がアラブ首長国連邦(UAE)を結成したが、カタールは加わらず、バーレーンと共に単独で独立した。独立後の政情は不安定で、無血クーデターによる政権交代が繰り返された。しかし、サーニー家世襲による首長制は揺らぐことなく、95年にハマド・ビン・サーニーが首長になると政情は安定した。
開明派のハマドは新たな天然ガス田の開発を進めながら、行政の効率化、経済の多角化などに務めた。96年には、衛星テレビ局アルジャジーラを設立。99年には湾岸諸国で初めて女性の参政権を認め、2003年には三権分立を定めた憲法も制定した。外交は対米重視で、米空軍の駐留を認める一方、イランやトルコとも友好関係を保つなど、全方位外交を展開してきた。13年、ハマドは四男タミムへの譲位を発表。タミムは33歳の若さで、カタール8代目の首長に即位した。

(大迫秀樹 フリー編集者/2017年)

カタール

医学や生化学の分野では生体内反応の促進にあずかる酵素の活性を示す単位として、モル毎秒(mol/s)が使われている。人間の健康や安全を図る上で、これらの分野においても共通の使いやすい単位として、モル毎秒を示す「カタール(kat)」を、固有の名称をもつ国際単位系(SI)の組立単位に仲間入りさせることが、1999年の第21回国際度量衡総会で決定された。

(今井秀孝 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所研究顧問 / 2008年)

出典 (株)朝日新聞出版発行「知恵蔵」知恵蔵について 情報

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