A machine that compresses gas to obtain a high pressure state, and those that specifically compress air are sometimes called air compressors. The discharge pressure is usually 1 atmosphere or more (it is common to use atmospheric pressure as the standard, and absolute pressure is 2 atmospheres. When it is necessary to express it differently, it is called gauge pressure. All values shown in this section use gauge pressure). Incidentally, when the discharge pressure is 1 atmosphere or less, it is often used for the purpose of sending air, and usually, those with a discharge pressure of less than 1000 mm of water column (about 0.1 atmosphere) are called fans, and those with a discharge pressure of more than 1 atmosphere but less than 1 atmosphere are called blowers, and are collectively called air blowers and are distinguished from compressors. The purposes of compressing gas include (1) utilizing the force of high pressure gas, (2) transporting gas against a large flow resistance, (3) reducing the volume for storage or transportation, (4) liquefying the gas (often accompanied by cooling), and (5) generating cold temperatures through expansion (liquefaction and evaporation processes can also be used). Industrial compressors are broadly classified into rotary and positive displacement. Rotary compressors are further classified into axial and centrifugal (multi-blade, radial, turbo) types, while among positive displacement compressors, rotary compressors are classified into roots, movable blade, pendulum, and screw types, and reciprocating compressors are classified into vertical and horizontal types. Large compressors with pressures of 2,000 to 3,000 atmospheres, capacity of 30,000 to 50,000 cubic meters per hour, 6 to 7 stages for reciprocating compressors, and rotational speeds of 15,000 revolutions per minute for rotary compressors, and power of several thousand to 30,000 kilowatts are used for various purposes in fields such as mining and chemical industry. In terms of operating characteristics, particularly in rotary compressors, each type of compressor has its own unique characteristics regarding the relationship between air volume, discharge pressure, efficiency, etc., and it is necessary to operate the compressor in accordance with these characteristics, and various practical ideas have been devised. [Yuji Kawamura] ©Shogakukan "> Compressor classification (industrial use) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
気体を圧縮して高圧状態を得るための機械であり、とくに空気を圧縮するものをエアコンプレッサー(空気圧縮機)とよび分けられることもある。吐出(はきだ)し圧は通常1気圧以上である(大気圧を基準にして取り扱うのが一般で、絶対圧は2気圧である。とくに区別して表す場合にはゲージ圧と称する。この項で示す値はすべてゲージ圧を用いている)。ちなみに、吐出し圧が1気圧以下の場合は送気をする目的に用いられることが多く、通常、吐出し圧が水柱1000ミリメートル(約0.1気圧)未満のものはファン、それ以上1気圧以下のものはブロワーとよび送風機と総称し、圧縮機とは区別されている。 気体を圧縮する目的としては、(1)高圧ガスのもつ力を利用する、(2)大きい流動抵抗にうちかって送気する、(3)体積を縮小して貯蔵または輸送する、(4)液化する(冷却を伴うことが多い)、(5)膨張により低温を発生させる(液化、蒸発過程を経る方法もある)などがあげられる。 工業用圧縮機は回転型と容積型とに大別される。回転型ではさらに軸流式と遠心式(多翼型、ラジアル型、ターボ型)に分類され、また容積型のうち回転式はルーツ型、可動翼型、振り子型、ねじ型に、往復式は縦型と横型に分類される。大形圧縮機としては、圧力2000~3000気圧、容量1時間当り3万~5万立方メートル、往復式で段数6~7段、回転型で回転数毎分1万5000回転、動力は数千~3万キロワットのものが鉱業、化学工業などの分野でそれぞれの目的に応じて用いられている。 運転特性として、とくに回転型圧縮機においては、風量と吐出し圧、効率などの間に各型式固有の特性があるので、この特性に従って運転する必要があり、実用上種々のくふうがなされている。 [河村祐治] ©Shogakukan"> 圧縮機の分類(工業用) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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