Galen - Claudius Galēnos

Japanese: ガレノス - がれのす(英語表記)Claudius Galēnos
Galen - Claudius Galēnos

A Greek physician. Born in Pergamon in Asia Minor. His father, Aelius Nicon, was an architect, well versed in mathematics, natural science, and philosophy, and educated Galen. He began studying medicine at the age of 17, and traveled to Smyrna, Corinth, Alexandria, and other places to broaden his knowledge of medicine. At the age of 28, he returned to his hometown and practiced medicine. Six years later, he went to Rome, where he quickly gained a reputation as a great physician and built friendships with Roman scholars and high-ranking officials, but he also incurred resentment, and in 166 he left Rome and returned to Pergamon. Later, he participated in the expeditionary force of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (reigned 161-180), and after returning to Rome, he became the personal physician of Prince Commodus, and devoted himself mainly to writing. In addition to medicine, his writings cover philosophy, grammar, and mathematics, but he is particularly known for his insights on anatomy and physiology.

He conducted numerous physiological experiments and frequently dissected animals, and showed brilliant ideas about the function and structure of the human body. This provided a certain scientific foundation for medicine, and he dominated European medicine for a long period of about 14 centuries, from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. However, this was largely due to the historical background, and not because all of Galen's theories were correct. For example, Galen never attempted a human dissection, and therefore the physiological theories based on it, especially the erroneous theories about the generation and flow of blood and the problem of pneuma, were commonly believed, but were overthrown by Harvey's theory of blood circulation in the 17th century.

[Otori Ranzaburo]

[References] | Anatomy | Commodus | Harvey

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ギリシアの医学者。小アジアのペルガモンの生まれ。父ニコンAelius Niconは建築家で、数学、自然科学、哲学の素養があり、ガレノスの教育にあたった。17歳のころから医学の勉強を始め、スミルナ、コリント、アレクサンドリアなどの各地に遊学して医学に関する見聞を広めた。28歳で故郷に帰り、診療の実際に従った。6年後ローマに出て、短期間のうちに名医の評判をあげ、ローマの学者、高官たちと親交を結んだが、反面、反感を買ったこともあって、166年ローマを退去してペルガモンに帰った。のち、ローマ皇帝マルクス・アウレリウス(在位161~180)の遠征軍に参加、ローマに帰還してからは王子コンモドゥスの侍医となり、主として著述に努めた。その著作は医学に関するもののほかに、哲学、文法、数学にまでわたるが、なかでも解剖学、生理学に関しては卓見が多い。

 生理学上の実験を数多く行い、動物解剖を頻繁に行って、人体の働きや構造について優れた考えを示した。それは医学に一定の科学的基礎を与え、以来、中世を経て近世初期に至るまでの約14世紀に及ぶ長期間、ヨーロッパの医学に覇を唱えた。しかしこれは時代的背景によることも大きく、ガレノスの所説がすべて正しかったからではない。たとえば、ガレノスは人体解剖を試みたことはなく、したがって、それに基づく生理学説、なかでも血液の生成・流れと精気pneumaの問題に関する誤った学説は一般に信じ込まれていたが、17世紀にハーベーの血液循環説によって打倒されたごときである。

[大鳥蘭三郎]

[参照項目] | 解剖学 | コンモドゥス | ハーベー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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