Insurance contract - hokenkeiyaku (English spelling) contract of insurance

Japanese: 保険契約 - ほけんけいやく(英語表記)contract of insurance
Insurance contract - hokenkeiyaku (English spelling) contract of insurance

It refers to a contract to realize insurance. In Japan, the Insurance Act prescribes non-life insurance in Chapter 2, life insurance in Chapter 3, and fixed amount insurance for accidents and illnesses in Chapter 4, but insurance is generally divided into non-life insurance and life insurance. The Insurance Business Act also divides insurance business into non-life insurance business and life insurance business.

[1] Non-life Insurance According to the Insurance Law, a non-life insurance contract is "an insurance contract in which the insurer promises to compensate for damages that may occur due to certain fortuitous accidents" (Insurance Law, Article 2, Paragraph 6). For a non-life insurance contract to exist, the following elements are required:

(1) Parties The contracting party who agrees to indemnify for losses is called the insurer, and the other party who agrees to pay the insurance premium to the insurer is called the policyholder. Furthermore, the person who should receive compensation for losses when an insured event occurs is called the insured. In most cases, the insured is the same person as the policyholder, but they can be different people. The former case is called an insurance contract made for oneself, and the latter case is called an insurance contract made for another person.

(2) The subject of insurance The object of the insurance is the subject of the insurance, which must be specified in the contract. This does not necessarily have to be a single object, but can be a collection of many objects (e.g., a set of household goods) or all of a person's assets (e.g., in the case of liability insurance).

(3) Insured Event An accident that materializes the insurer's obligation to indemnify is called an insured event. For an accident to be an insured event, it must be a fortuitous event. An accident being fortuitous means that at the time of the conclusion of the contract, it is possible for the accident to either occur or not occur in the future, but neither is yet certain.

(4) Insurance period An insurer promises to indemnify for losses due to the occurrence of an insured event if the insured event occurs during a certain period. This period is called the insurance period, and the insurance period must be specified in order for an insurance contract to be established.

(5) Insured amount The amount agreed between the parties as the maximum amount of compensation for damages that the insurer will indemnify is called the insured amount. This amount may be set only within the range not exceeding the insured value.

(6) Insurable Interest In order to prevent an insurance contract from becoming a kind of gambling contract and thus becoming an illegal gambling, it is necessary to establish a mechanism that prevents it from becoming the subject of unearned profits by chance. Therefore, the element of a non-life insurance contract is that the insured has an interest in being insured, that is, that the insured has an economic loss due to the occurrence of an insured event.

(7) Insurable value Because of the requirement that the insured should not gain from receiving insurance money upon the occurrence of an insured event, the insurable value constitutes the statutory maximum amount that should be paid upon the occurrence of an insured event.

[2] Life Insurance According to the Insurance Law, a life insurance contract is "an insurance contract in which the insurer promises to provide a certain insurance benefit in relation to the survival or death of a person (excluding fixed amount insurance contracts for accidents and illnesses)" (Article 2, Paragraph 8 of the Insurance Law). The following elements are required for a valid life insurance contract to exist:

(1) Parties The party who agrees to pay a certain amount is called the insurer, and the other party who agrees to pay the insurance premium to the insurer is called the policyholder. The person who is to receive a certain amount in the event of an insured event is called the beneficiary. This beneficiary may be the same person as the policyholder, but may also be someone else.

(2) Insured The insurer is obligated to pay a certain amount in relation to the life or death of the other party or a third party, and the person whose life or death is the insured event is called the insured, and corresponds to the object of insurance in non-life insurance. The concept of the insured in non-life insurance corresponds to the beneficiary of life insurance. In most cases, the insured is the same person as the policyholder, but a third party can also be the insured.

(3) Insured Event The insured event in a life insurance contract is the life or death of the insured.

(4) Insured amount Insurers are obligated to pay a certain amount in the event of an insured accident according to certain requirements, and this amount is called the insured amount. The insured amount for life insurance can be freely determined by agreement between the insurer and the policyholder. This differs from the insured amount for non-life insurance. Furthermore, since life insurance is a fixed amount insurance, the fixed amount agreed upon at the time of the contract is paid when an insured accident occurs. In other words, life insurance is a so-called fixed amount insurance, and the existence or non-existence of an insurable interest and the insured amount as its value are not issues. In addition, a cooling-off period was introduced into life insurance in 1974 (Showa 49) from the perspective of consumer protection, and under certain conditions, it is possible to withdraw from the contract even after it has been applied for.

[3] Ordinary insurance clauses Insurance contracts are concluded in large numbers with many subscribers, so in order to process a large number of transactions quickly and efficiently, the contents and conditions of the contracts are standardized in advance. These are called ordinary insurance clauses. Ordinary insurance clauses must be approved and supervised by the competent minister in accordance with the Insurance Business Act, and the full text must be included in or attached to the insurance policy. Clauses that supplement or change the ordinary insurance clauses are called special insurance clauses.

[Takuji Kaneko and Mitsuo Sakaguchi]

[Reference] | Life insurance | Property insurance | Insurance | Insurance value | Insurance benefit | Insurance policy | Insurance premium

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

保険を実現するための契約をいう。日本の保険法は、第2章で損害保険、第3章で生命保険、第4章で傷害疾病定額保険について定めているが、保険は一般には損害保険と生命保険に区別される。保険業法も保険事業を損害保険事業と生命保険事業に区別している。

〔1〕損害保険 保険法によれば、損害保険契約とは「保険契約のうち、保険者が一定の偶然の事故によって生ずることのある損害をてん補することを約するもの」(保険法2条6号)をいう。有効な損害保険契約が存在するためには、以下の諸要素を必要とする。

(1)当事者 損害の填補(てんぽ)を約する契約当事者を保険者といい、その相手方となって、保険者に保険料を支払うことを約する当事者を保険契約者という。また保険事故の発生に際して、これによる損害の填補を受けるべき者を被保険者という。被保険者は保険契約者と同一人である場合が多いが、これと別人であることも可能である。前者の場合を自己のためにする保険契約、後者の場合を他人のためにする保険契約という。

(2)保険の目的 保険事故発生の客体を保険の目的といい、契約において約定されることを要する。これはかならずしも1個の物であることを要せず、多数の物の集合(例、家財道具一式)またはある人の全財産(例、責任保険の場合)でもよい。

(3)保険事故 保険者の損害填補義務を具体化せしめる事故を保険事故という。ある事故が保険事故となりうるためには、偶然な事故であることが必要である。事故が偶然性を有するということは、契約成立の当時において将来その事故の発生と不発生とがいずれも可能であって、しかもそのいずれもがいまだ確定していないことをいう。

(4)保険期間 保険者が保険事故発生による損害の填補を約束するのは、ある期間中に保険事故が発生した場合についてである。この期間を保険期間といい、保険契約が成立するためには保険期間が定まることを要する。

(5)保険金額 保険者が損害填補すべき金額の最高限度として当事者間で約定される金額を保険金額という。この金額は保険価額を超えない範囲内においてだけ定めうる。

(6)被保険利益 保険契約が射倖(しゃこう)契約の一種に属し、そのため不法な賭博(とばく)になることを防ぐためには、それが偶然による不労の利得目的の対象となりえないような仕組みを設けることが必要である。そこで保険の目的について保険事故が発生することにより被保険者が経済上の損害を被るおそれのあること、すなわち被保険者が被保険利益を有することが損害保険契約の要素となる。

(7)保険価額 被保険者が保険事故の発生に際し保険金を受けることによって利得してはならないという要請があるため、保険価額は保険事故発生に際して支払われるべき金額の法定の最高限度をなす。

〔2〕生命保険 保険法によると、生命保険契約とは「保険契約のうち、保険者が人の生存又は死亡に関し一定の保険給付を行うことを約するもの(傷害疾病定額保険契約に該当するものを除く。)」(保険法2条8号)をいう。有効な生命保険契約が存在するためには、以下の諸要素を必要とする。

(1)当事者 一定の金額の支払いを約する当事者を保険者といい、その相手方となって、保険者に保険料を支払うことを約する当事者を保険契約者という。保険事故の発生に際して一定の金額を受け取るべき者を保険金受取人といい、この保険金受取人は保険契約者と同一人であることもあるが、他人を受取人とすることもできる。

(2)被保険者 保険者は相手方または第三者の生死に関し一定の金額を支払う義務を負うが、その人の生死が保険事故とされる人を被保険者といい、損害保険における保険の目的に該当する。なお損害保険の被保険者という概念は、生命保険の保険金受取人にあたる。被保険者は保険契約者と同一人である場合が多いが、第三者を被保険者とすることもできる。

(3)保険事故 生命保険契約における保険事故は被保険者の生死である。

(4)保険金額 保険者は所定の要件に従って、保険事故が発生した場合に、一定の金額を支払う義務を負うのであって、この金額を保険金額という。生命保険における保険金額は保険者と保険契約者との合意により自由に約定することができる。この点は、損害保険における保険金額と異なる。また、生命保険は定額保険なので、保険事故が発生したときは契約のときに約定した一定額が支払われる。すなわち、生命保険はいわゆる定額保険であって、被保険利益の存否やその価額としての保険価額などは問題とならない。なお、生命保険では、1974年(昭和49)に消費者保護の観点からクーリング・オフ制度が実務上導入されており、一定の条件のもとで、契約申込み後でも、これを撤回することができる。

〔3〕普通保険約款 保険契約は、多数の加入者を相手方として大量に締結されるので、多数の取引を迅速かつ能率的に処理するために、あらかじめ契約の内容、条件を定型化しておく。これを普通保険約款とよぶ。普通保険約款は保険業法に従い主務大臣の認可、監督を受け、またその全文を保険証券に記載し、または添付しなければならない。普通保険約款を補充変更する約款を特別保険約款という。

[金子卓治・坂口光男]

[参照項目] | 生命保険 | 損害保険 | 保険 | 保険価額 | 保険金 | 保険証券 | 保険料

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