Carlist Wars - Carlist Wars

Spain experienced three civil wars in the mid-19th century (the first was 1833-39, the second was 1846-48, and the third was 1872-76). After the death of Ferdinand VII (1833), a group of Carlists rose up in revolt, refusing to recognize the succession of Princess Isabella, who was three years old at the time, to the throne (the regent was the queen mother), and calling for the accession of the king's younger brother, Don Carlos. Although it took the form of a dispute within the royal family, the Carlists were supported mainly by the people of the Basque Country, Navarra, and Catalonia. Many peasants and artisans in particular volunteered for the Carlista army. The people who had played an active role as guerrillas in the War of Independence (1808-14), which overthrew Napoleon's rule of Spain, were disappointed by the successive political upheavals and incomplete reforms, and suffered from economic difficulties due to the limping development of capitalism. This energy of discontent was led by the conservative aristocracy and the Church, who advocated the defense of medieval local privileges (ferro) and a return to the "good old days" of unity between church and state, and who saw Don Carlos as their symbol. After the defeat at the Battle of Vergara in 1839 (which led to Don Carlos going into exile), the Carlists split into those who accepted the central government's proposal for reconciliation (the Church and the aristocracy) and those who resisted (lower aristocracy and the people), and the choice of the person to claim the throne in place of Don Carlos went into the hands of the Resistance, strengthening the character of the war as a people's war. The central government won all three wars militarily, but could not ignore the hidden Carlist power, and these wars had a major impact on the formation of the modern Spanish state.

[Yamamoto Satoshi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

19世紀中葉のスペインで3次にわたり起きた内戦（第一次1833～39、第二次1846～48、第三次1872～76）。フェルナンド7世の没（1833）後、当時3歳の王女イサベルの王位継承（摂政は母后）を認めず、王弟ドン・カルロスの即位を求める勢力（カルリスタCarlistas）が蜂起(ほうき)した。王族内紛争の形をとったが、カルリスタはおもにバスク、ナバラ、カタルーニャ地方の民衆に支持された。とくに農民、職人層には義勇兵としてカルリスタ軍に投じる者が多かった。ナポレオンのスペイン支配を覆した独立戦争（1808～14）でゲリラとして活躍した民衆は、相次ぐ政変と改革の不徹底に失望し、資本主義の跛行(はこう)的発展による経済苦境にあった。この不満のエネルギーは、中世的地方特権（フェロ）擁護、政教合一の「古きよき時代」への回帰を説き、ドン・カルロスをシンボルとする保守的貴族、教会によって領導された。1839年のベルガラ会戦の敗北（ドン・カルロスは亡命）後、中央政府の和解提案をめぐり、カルリスタは受容派（教会、貴族）と抵抗派（下級貴族、民衆）に分裂、ドン・カルロスにかわる王位請求権者の選定は抵抗派の手に移り、民衆戦争の性格を強めた。中央政府は3次にわたる戦争でいずれにも軍事的には勝利したが、隠然たるカルリスタ勢力を無視しえず、この戦争は現代スペイン国家形成に大きな影響を及ぼした。

［山本　哲］

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