Karman vortex street

Japanese: カルマン渦 - かるまんうず(英語表記)Von Kármán vortex street
Karman vortex street

When a cylindrical object is moved through a fluid at a moderate speed, vortices are generated alternately in opposite directions from the left and right sides of the object, forming a regular row of vortices. This phenomenon was experimentally studied by the French scientist Benard (1908), but its essence was theoretically elucidated by the Hungarian-born American aeronautical scientist Karman (1911), and so it is called the Karman vortex. If the spacing between vortex rows is h and the distance between vortices in one row is a , then theoretically it is predicted that h = 0.281 a , and in reality h / a is approximately 0.3.

A moving object encounters resistance from the fluid, since energy is consumed by shedding vortices. In addition, each time a vortex is shed, a lateral force acts on the object as a reaction. This is why a rod vibrates from side to side when it is moved underwater. When a strong wind hits a thin rod or wire, a sound with the same frequency is generated by the shedding of Kármán vortices. This is called an Aeolian sound. An example is the sound that an electric wire makes when the wind blows. When a flow hits a cylindrical object that can vibrate by itself, such as an elastic rod, if the period of the generation of Kármán vortices matches the period of the object's natural vibration, the vibration becomes intense due to resonance. The collapse of the Tacoma Canyon suspension bridge in North America by a storm shortly after its completion in 1940 is famously attributed to the generation of Kármán vortices.

[Imai Isao]

[References] | Vortex | Aeolian Sound | Karman
Karman vortex
The photo (top) shows the Karman vortex that forms behind a cylinder moving in still water. The diagram (bottom) shows a schematic of the regular row of vortices that is generated, where is the spacing between the vortex rows and is the distance between vortices in one row . ©Shogakukan

Karman vortex


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

柱状の物体を流体中で適当な速度で動かすと、物体の左右両側から交互に反対向きの渦を発生し、規則正しい渦の列ができる。この現象はフランスのベナールによって実験的に研究された(1908)が、ハンガリー出身のアメリカの航空学者カルマンによってその本質が理論的に解明された(1911)ので、カルマン渦とよばれている。渦列の間隔をh、一つの列の中の渦どうしの距離をaとすると、理論的にはh=0.281aとなることが予想され、実際にもh/aはだいたい0.3である。

 渦の放出によってエネルギーが消費されるので、運動する物体は流体から抵抗を受ける。また渦を放出するごとに、その反作用として物体には横向きの力が働く。水中で棒を動かすとき、棒が左右に振動するのはそのためである。細い棒や針金に強い風が当たると、カルマン渦の放出により、それと同じ振動数の音が発生する。これはエオルス音とよばれる。風の吹くとき電線が嗚るのはその例である。弾性のある棒のようにそれ自身振動しうる柱状物体に流れが当たるとき、カルマン渦の発生の周期と物体の固有振動の周期が一致すると、共鳴によって振動は激しくなる。北アメリカのタコマ峡湾の吊橋(つりばし)が完成後まもなく暴風によって崩壊した事件(1940)は、このカルマン渦の発生によるものとして有名である。

[今井 功]

[参照項目] | | エオルス音 | カルマン
カルマン渦
写真(上)は、静水中を動く円柱の背後にできるカルマン渦。図(下)は、発生した規則正しい渦の列を模式的に示したもので、 は渦列の間隔、 は一つの列中の渦どうしの距離©Shogakukan">

カルマン渦


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