…In this case, force is the cause of motion. Even in motions that appear to be free of acting forces, such as inertial motion, a compelling force is at work, which has resulted in concepts such as Philoponus's "immaterial asōmatos" (movement), the Islamic "mayl," and the European "impetus" since the 14th century. Galileo succeeded in grasping inertial motion as "force-free" motion, and Descartes defined it as "uniform rectilinear motion," but Descartes took the position that motion and matter were posited as being of equal status by God in creation, and therefore motion never diminishes or disappears under any circumstances. … From Buridan…He critically inherited and developed the nominalist position advocated by Ockham, and while he conducted excellent research mainly in the field of natural philosophy, he also nurtured talented people such as Nicole Oresme and Albert of Saxony, and became the founder of the school of thought known as the School of Paris. The first of his scientific achievements was his direct criticism of Aristotle's theory of projective motion, and his introduction of a new mechanical concept called impetus (momentum) that is directly imposed on a moving object by a mover. By skillfully applying this concept, he was able to explain not only projectile motion, but also various other motion phenomena such as the accelerating motion of a falling body and the rotational motion of an object from a unified perspective. … From [Mechanics]…Therefore, it was discussed in terms of kinematics, and the acceleration phenomenon was the focus of attention. It can be said that it was the Impetus School, which was founded in 14th century Paris and received the idea of Philoponus from Islam, that made it the subject of mechanical consideration. Impetus is almost the same concept as "immaterial kinetic force," but the Impetus School also used it to describe the acceleration phenomenon of natural falling, and believed that the accumulation of impetus during the fall was the cause of acceleration. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Impetus" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…このとき力は,運動の原因である。慣性運動のように,一見作用力が働いていないようにみえる運動にも強制的運動力は働いているのであって,それは,フィロポノスの〈非物体的asōmatosな運動力〉,イスラムの〈マイルmayl〉,そして14世紀以降のヨーロッパの〈インペトゥスimpetus〉などの概念に結実している。 ガリレイは慣性運動を〈力の働かない〉運動としてとらえることに成功し,デカルトはそれを〈等速直線運動〉として定義したが,デカルトにおいては,運動と物質とは,神が創造に当たって同等の資格で措定したものであり,したがって,運動はいかなる場合にも減少したり消滅したりすることはない,という立場をとった。… 【ビュリダン】より…オッカムの提唱した唯名論の立場を批判的に継承・発展させ,主として自然哲学の分野で優れた研究を行うとともに,ニコル・オレーム,ザクセンのアルベルトのような逸材を育成して,パリ学派と呼ばれる学統の創始者となった。彼の科学的達成としてまず第1に挙げられるのは,アリストテレスの投射運動論をまっこうから批判して,動者から動体に直接こめられるインペトゥスimpetus(勢い)という力学的概念を新たに導入したことである。そしてこの概念を巧みに適用することによって,投射運動のみならず,落体の加速運動,物体の回転運動などのさまざまな運動現象を統一的見地から説明することができた。… 【力学】より…したがってむしろ,運動学的に論じられ,その加速度現象が注目されていた。これが力学的考察の対象になるのは,フィロポノスの着想をイスラムから受け取って14世紀パリを中心に誕生したインペトゥス派においてであったといえる。インペトゥスimpetusは〈非物体的運動力〉とほぼ同じ概念であるが,インペトゥス派では,自然落下の加速度現象にも用いられ,落下におけるインペトゥスの蓄積が加速度の原因であると考えられた。… ※「インペトゥス」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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