Karman (English spelling) Karman, Tawakkul

Japanese: カルマン(英語表記)Karmān, Tawakkul
Karman (English spelling) Karman, Tawakkul
Born: February 7, 1979. Taiz. Yemeni human rights activist. Born in southern Yemen to a family of political activists. Her father is a lawyer and served as Minister of Justice before the Yemeni civil war in 1994. She graduated from the University of Science and Technology in Sana'a in 1999, and later obtained a master's degree in political science. She then became active as a journalist. In 2005, she co-founded the human rights group "Women Journalists Unfettered" with her colleagues, and in 2007, they held weekly sit-ins in protest against the government's ban on mobile news services. She is a member of the Islamic political party Islah, but she objects to some of the religious restrictions on women, and has stopped wearing the niqab (veil) and started wearing a headscarf. She is also known as the "Mother of the Revolution" and the "Iron Lady" for her leading role in the 2011 protests calling for the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh. She lived in a tent in the center of the capital, Sana'a, and became a powerful symbol of the anti-government protest movement. In 2011, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Liberian peace activist Reemah Gbowee for "their nonviolent struggle for women's safety and for women's rights to participate in peacebuilding activities." She was the first Arab woman to receive the prize.

Kalman
Karman, Theodore von

Born: May 11, 1881, Budapest
[Died] May 6, 1963. A Hungarian-born theorist of fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, and space engineering. His father was a professor at the University of Budapest and a senior official at the Ministry of Education. He studied at the Technical University of Budapest, the University of Göttingen, and the University of Paris, and served as an assistant to Ludwig Prandtl, a fluid dynamicist at the University of Göttingen. He then taught at the University of Mining and Technology in his native Germany, and in 1912 taught in Aachen, Germany. In 1930, he moved to the United States, where he became director of the Guggenheim Laboratory for Aeronautics at the California Institute of Technology. In 1932, he contributed to the founding of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Science, which later became the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In 1951, he became chairman of the NATO Aeronautical Technology Research and Development Advisory Group. In 1960, he became president of the International Academy of Astronautics. He contributed to the theoretical development of fluid mechanics through his work on the Karman vortex street (1911), boundary layer theory (1921), and research on turbulence and high-speed airflow (1937-39), and built the theoretical foundations for the development of aircraft. He also had a major impact on the military and space development projects that were carried out under Karman's guidance, such as his pioneering research on rocket engines (1940). He also worked hard to establish an international research organization for aeronautical and astronautical engineering. He was the first recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1963.

Kalman

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Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1979.2.7. タイズ
イエメンの人権活動家。南イエメンの政治的活動家の家庭に生まれた。父は弁護士で,1994年にイエメン内戦が起こる以前は法務大臣を務めていた。1999年にサヌアの科学技術大学を卒業,のちに政治科学の修士号を取得。その後,ジャーナリストとして活躍する。2005年に人権団体「束縛なき女性ジャーナリスト」を仲間と共同で創設,2007年には政府が携帯メールによるニュース配信サービスを禁止したことに抗議する座り込みを毎週行なった。イスラム政党イスラーハに所属するが,女性に対する宗教的制約の一部に異議を唱え,みずからもニカブ(ベール)の着用をやめてヘッドスカーフを着用している。2011年にアリー・アブドゥラー・サーレハ大統領の辞任を求める抗議デモで指導的な役割を果たしたことから,「革命の母」「鉄の女」とも呼ばれる。首都サヌアの中心部でテント暮らしをし,反政府抗議運動の力強いシンボルとなった。同 2011年,「女性の安全のため,平和構築活動に女性が参加する権利のために非暴力で闘ってきた」という理由でリベリアのエレン・ジョンソン・サーリーフ大統領,同国の平和活動家リーマ・ボウイーとともにノーベル平和賞を授与された。アラブ女性として初の平和賞受賞となった。

カルマン
Kármán, Theodore von

[生]1881.5.11. ブダペスト
[没]1963.5.6. アーヘン
ハンガリー生まれの流体力学,航空力学,宇宙工学の理論家。父はブダペスト大学教授兼教育省高官。ブダペスト工科大学,ゲッティンゲン大学,パリ大学に学び,ゲッティンゲン大学の流体力学者,ルートウィヒ・プラントルの助手を務めた。その後故国の鉱山技術大学で教鞭をとり,1912年ドイツのアーヘンで教える。 1930年アメリカ合衆国に渡り,カリフォルニア工科大学グッゲンハイム航空研究所所長。 1932年アメリカ航空科学研究所の,1944年のちのアメリカ航空宇宙局 NASAジェット推進研究所の創設に貢献。 1951年北大西洋条約機構 NATO航空技術研究開発顧問団議長。 1960年国際宇宙アカデミー会長。カルマン渦列 (1911) ,境界層理論 (1921) ,乱流,高速気流の研究 (1937~39) など流体力学の理論的発展に貢献するとともに,航空機発展の理論的基礎を築いた。またロケットエンジンの先駆的研究 (1940) をはじめ,その後カルマンの指導のもとでなされたミサイルなどの軍事開発,宇宙開発に多大な影響を与えた。航空工学,宇宙工学の国際的研究組織の実現にも尽力した。 1963年初のアメリカ科学賞受賞。

カルマン

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