Specialized foreign exchange bank

Japanese: 外国為替専門銀行 - がいこくかわせせんもんぎんこう(英語表記)specialized foreign exchange bank
Specialized foreign exchange bank
Banks that specialize in foreign exchange and trade finance licensed by the Minister of Finance under Article 4 of the Foreign Exchange Bank Law. The Bank of Tokyo was the only designated bank. Before World War II, special banks such as the Yokohama Specie Bank (Bank of Tokyo), the Bank of Taiwan, and the Bank of Korea, as well as some zaibatsu banks, played key roles in trade finance in Japan. After the war, these special banks were all dissolved, and domestic commercial banks were allowed to operate foreign exchange services. However, in a country as highly dependent on trade as Japan, the Foreign Exchange Bank Law was enacted based on the idea that it is essential to facilitate trade finance through powerful foreign exchange banks with advanced functions, and the Bank of Tokyo was granted a license as a foreign exchange specialist bank on August 2, 1954. The Bank of Tokyo was subject to strict restrictions on its domestic business, but was given preferential treatment in its overseas business. However, in June 1992, the Financial System Reform Law was enacted, making it possible for the bank to convert to an ordinary bank, and in April 1996, the Bank of Tokyo merged with Mitsubishi Bank to become the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi. As a result of this merger, banks under the Foreign Exchange Banking Act no longer exist.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
外国為替銀行法第4条に基づき大蔵大臣の免許を受けた外国為替・貿易金融業務を専門とする銀行。東京銀行が唯一指定されていた。第2次世界大戦前の日本の貿易為替金融面においては,横浜正金銀行 (東京銀行) や台湾銀行,朝鮮銀行などの特殊銀行および一部の財閥銀行が中心となって活躍していたが,戦後これらの特殊銀行はすべて解体され,一般国内商業銀行が外為業務を併営するたてまえがとられた。しかしながら日本のように貿易依存度の高い国では,高度の機能をもった有力な為替銀行によって貿易金融の円滑化をはかることが肝要であるとの考えに基づいて外国為替銀行法が施行され,1954年8月2日東京銀行に外国為替専門銀行としての免許が与えられた。東京銀行は国内業務面ではきびしい制限を受けたが,海外業務面では優遇されていた。しかし,92年6月金融制度改革関連法が成立し,普通銀行への転換が可能となったことを受け,96年4月東京銀行が三菱銀行と合併し東京三菱銀行となった。この合併により外国為替銀行法による銀行はなくなった。

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