An element in the 13th group of the periodic table. In 1875, the French sphalerite from the Pyrenees was spectroscopically analyzed to discover a new element that showed purple emission lines, and named it after the French Latin name Gallia. It corresponds to ekaaluminum, predicted by the Russian Mendeleev in 1869. It is a dispersed element that does not exist in nature as a single element, and although rare, it is widely distributed. It is obtained as a by-product of aluminum and zinc extraction. High-purity metal is refined by the zone melting method. It is a soft bluish white metal with a low melting point, a wide liquid temperature range, and expands when solidified. Because of its low melting point, it often becomes a dark liquid when dust or other particles adhere to it. Similar to aluminum, the metal dissolves in acids and alkaline hydroxide solutions. At low temperatures, it is stable due to its oxide film, but at high temperatures it reacts with oxygen to produce gallium oxide (III). The oxide is amphoteric and more acidic than aluminum oxide. Compounds with the oxidation number III are common, but oxides and halides with the oxidation number I are also known. Compounds that are thought to be of the oxidation number II are compounds in which I and III coexist, such as GaCl2 Ga I Ga III Cl4 . Intermetallic compounds, particularly those with arsenic, antimony, and phosphorus, have semiconducting properties and are used in light-emitting devices, millimeter-wave and microwave oscillators, as well as high-temperature rectifiers, transistors, solar cells, etc., while oxides are used as green phosphors in color televisions, and metals are used to make liquid alloys. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] [References] | [Supplementary information] |©Shogakukan "> Periodic Table Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
周期表第13族に属する元素。1875年、フランスのボアボードランが分光分析によりピレネー産の閃(せん)亜鉛鉱中に紫色の輝線を示す新元素をみつけ、フランスのラテン名Galliaにちなんで名づけた。ロシアのメンデレーエフが1869年に予言したエカアルミニウムにあたる。分散元素で、天然に単体としては存在せず、希産ではあるが広く分布している。アルミニウム、亜鉛抽出の副産物として得られる。高純度金属は、帯融解法により精製する。軟らかい青みを帯びた白色金属で、融点が低く、液体の温度範囲が広く、固化に際して膨張する。低融点のため塵埃(じんあい)などが付着すると暗色の液体となっていることが多い。アルミニウムに似て金属は酸、水酸化アルカリ水溶液に溶ける。低温では酸化物皮膜により安定であるが、高温では酸素と反応して酸化ガリウム(Ⅲ)を生じる。酸化物は両性で酸化アルミニウムより酸性が強い。酸化数Ⅲの化合物が普通であるが、Ⅰの酸化物、ハロゲン化物も知られる。酸化数Ⅱの化合物と思われるものは、たとえばGaCl2はGaIGaIIICl4のようにⅠとⅢの共存する化合物である。金属間化合物とくにヒ素、アンチモン、リンとの化合物は半導体の性質があり、発光素子、ミリ波、マイクロ波の発振素子などのほか、高温での整流器、トランジスタ、太陽電池などに用いられ、酸化物はカラーテレビの緑色蛍光体として、金属は液体合金の製造に用いられる。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] [参照項目] | [補完資料] |©Shogakukan"> 周期表 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Potassium-argon dating method - Potassium-argon dating method
>>: Potassium - Kariumu (English spelling) potassium English
A coeducational national university in Padua, Ital...
French physicist. Born in Paris. His father was a...
A general term for textiles produced in and aroun...
…A mountain located in the northern part of the K...
…the Greek goddesses of beauty and grace. The sin...
These are fishing companies organized as corporati...
…Cherry blossoms have been loved by Japanese peop...
This refers to the smoke and soot emission standa...
…In the 18th century, many Africans were sent as ...
Also known as spherical harmonic functions. The so...
〘Noun〙① Several leaves of the perilla plant are st...
An engine used to generate the power required for ...
…the indigenous people of the western Balkan Peni...
The smallest emirate in the United Arab Emirates. ...
…Magical oracle [Yoshio Sugimoto] [Japan] In Japa...