Karakum Desert (English spelling: Каракумы/Karakumï)

Japanese: カラクム砂漠 - からくむさばく(英語表記)Каракумы/Karakumï
Karakum Desert (English spelling: Каракумы/Karakumï)

A large desert in Turkmenistan. It is bordered by the Kopetdag Mountains and the Karabili Highlands to the west and the Amu Darya to the east, and the Old Uzboy River to the west. Its area is about 350,000 square kilometers. "Karakum" means "black sand" in Turkish. 5-10% of the surface is covered with sparse saxaul (Chenopodiaceae), sedges, and artemisia, and the rest is covered with sand dunes, blown sand, and hard clay sheets. It has an extremely continental climate, with an annual precipitation of 60-150 mm, 70% of which falls in January-April. The average temperature in July is 28-34 °C, with a daily range of up to 50 °C, and can reach 80 °C on the ground. The average temperature in January is 3 °C in the south and -5 °C in the north, and sometimes -20 °C, and snow falls. The population is concentrated in the oases along the Amu Darya, the Tejen River in the south, and the Murghab River in the south. Abundant groundwater, containing a slight salt content, is pumped up through more than 6,000 wells and used for grazing. Numerous livestock farms, camel breeding farms, and livestock farms have been established. Sulfur is mined in the Serny Zavod in the center of the desert, and natural gas is found in the Zaungsky Karakum in the northern half of the desert. Caravan routes run north and south through the desert, and a railway runs along the southern edge, forming an artery for the transportation of goods. The Karakum Canal was opened in the southern part of the desert for irrigation purposes. A lake was also created in the basin between the desert and the Ustyurt Plateau at the northwestern edge of the desert by diverting water from the Amu Darya.

[Takeharu Komiyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

トルクメニスタンにある大砂漠。西から南にかけてはコペトダーク山地とカラビリ高地に、東はアムダリヤに、西は古ウズボイ川によって境される。面積約35万平方キロメートル。「カラクム」はトルコ語で「黒い砂」の意。地表面の5~10%はサクサウール(アカザ科)、スゲ、ヨモギ類がまばらに茂り、ほかは砂丘、飛砂、板状の堅い粘土層で覆われる。極端な大陸性気候で、年降水量は60~150ミリメートル、その70%が1~4月に降る。7月の平均気温は28~34℃、日較差は最高50℃、地表面では80℃に上ることもある。1月の平均気温は南部で3℃、北部で零下5℃、ときに零下20℃にもなり、雪が降る。人口はアムダリヤや南部のテジェン川、ムルガブ川などの河川に沿ったオアシスに集中している。薄い塩分を含んだ豊富な地下水が、6000個以上の井戸でくみ上げられ、放牧に利用される。家畜飼養農場、ラクダ種畜場、畜産農場が数多くつくられている。砂漠中央部のセールヌイ・ザボードでは硫黄(いおう)が採掘され、また砂漠北半部のザウングスキー・カラクムには天然ガスが埋蔵されている。キャラバン・ルート(隊商路)が砂漠を南北に縦断し、また南縁には鉄道が通じて物資輸送の動脈となっている。砂漠の南部に灌漑(かんがい)の目的で、カラクム運河が開かれた。また、砂漠の北西端、ウスチュルト台地との間にあった盆地にアムダリヤからの導水によって湖が生じた。

[小宮山武治]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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