George Gamow

Japanese: ガモフ - がもふ(英語表記)George Gamow
George Gamow

American Jewish theoretical physicist. Born in Odessa, Russia, he studied at Leningrad University. He obtained his doctorate in 1928, and afterwards, he was recognized by Bohr and collaborated with him in his laboratory in Copenhagen, and also with Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. He returned to the UK and became a researcher at the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), but left his home country for the US in 1933. He was a professor of physics at George Washington University from 1934, and from 1956 he was a professor at the University of Colorado.

His first original research was in 1928, when he explained the mechanism of the emission of alpha particles from radioactive atomic nuclei by the tunneling effect of wave mechanics. In 1930, he proposed that protons were more advantageous than alpha particles for the destruction of atomic nuclei, and that a liquid drop model should be used for heavy atomic nuclei. On the other hand, in 1929, based on his knowledge of atomic nuclei, he concluded, in collaboration with Robert d'Escourt Atkinson (1898-1982) and Friedrich Georg Houtermans (1903-1966), that the energy of the sun comes from thermonuclear reactions. He also considered the origin of elements in the universe, and his theory was used in cosmology. He also contributed to the theory of DNA in molecular biology. While publishing academic papers, he also wrote many popular science guidebooks, including "Tomkins in Wonderland," and made a great contribution to helping the general public understand science.

[Tadashi Sato]

"The Complete Works of Gamow, translated by Yasuo Shizume et al., 16 volumes (1950-1959, Hakuyosha)"

[References] | Cosmology | Nuclear | Tunnel effect | Bohr | Rutherford

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカのユダヤ系の理論物理学者。ロシアのオデッサに生まれ、レニングラード大学で学んだ。1928年学位を取得し、以後ボーアに認められてコペンハーゲンの彼の研究室で共同研究を、またケンブリッジ大学キャベンディッシュ研究所でラザフォードと研究した。その後、帰国してレニングラード(サンクト・ペテルブルグ)の科学アカデミーの研究員になったが、1933年、母国を離れアメリカに渡った。1934年からジョージ・ワシントン大学の物理学教授、1956年以降はコロラド大学教授を務めた。

 彼の最初の独創的な研究は、1928年に放射性原子核からα(アルファ)粒子が放出される機構を、波動力学のトンネル効果によって説明したものであった。1930年には原子核破壊のためには、α粒子より陽子を使うほうが有利であること、また、重い原子核に液滴模型を使用することを提案した。一方、1929年には原子核に対する知識に基づいて、アトキンソンRobert d'Escourt Atkinson(1898―1982)、ハウターマンFriedrich Georg Houtermans(1903―1966)と協力して、太陽のエネルギーが熱核反応によるという結論を出した。さらに宇宙における元素の起源を考察し、その理論は宇宙論に利用された。このほかに分子生物学におけるDNAの理論に対する貢献もある。学問的な論文を発表する一方で、『不思議の国のトムキンス』をはじめ多くの科学に関する通俗的な解説書を著し、一般の人々に科学を理解させるうえで大きな功績を残した。

[佐藤 忠]

『鎮目恭夫他訳『ガモフ全集』全16巻(1950~1959・白揚社)』

[参照項目] | 宇宙論 | 原子核 | トンネル効果 | ボーア | ラザフォード

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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