Switchback - switch back

Japanese: スイッチバック - すいっちばっく(英語表記)switch back
Switchback - switch back

A way of laying tracks devised to ease the gradient of tracks on steeply inclined surfaces. If a station is located on a gradient section, there is a risk that the train will start moving if the brakes are released while the train is stopped, and a considerable amount of force is required to start moving uphill, and in bad weather the wheels may spin and the train may not be able to depart. For this reason, it is best to have tracks within a station as level as possible. However, making the station premises level means there is a risk that the gradient will become even steeper further ahead. As a countermeasure to this, switchbacks were devised for mountain lines. There are various types of switchbacks, such as X-shaped, which allows trains to pass through the station, and Y-shaped, which requires trains to stop at the station.

In the case of an X-shape , in the diagram above, a train coming up the hill from the bottom right enters the station on the left, which is horizontal. This track is a dead end, and once passengers have boarded and disembarked, the train switches the points, backs up, and enters the horizontal siding on the right. It stops there, switches the points again, and moves forward, climbing the track on the top left. Trains that pass through the station go straight from the bottom right to the top left.

In the case of a Y-shaped train , as shown in the diagram below, a train coming up from the bottom right stops at a horizontal station, where passengers board and disembark, and then the points are switched, and the train reverses and climbs the tracks in the upper right. Izumo Sakane Station on the Kisuki Line, which crosses the Chugoku Mountains, is a famous example.

However, switchbacks are often installed not to allow trains to stop at stations, but to ease gradients. The Hakone Tozan Railway (opened in 1919), which climbs 550 meters over 15 kilometers from Odawara to Gora, has switchbacks at Deyama, Oohiradai, and Kami-Oohiradai, and of these, only Oohiradai has a station; the other two are simply signal stations with no station staff. Even with these switchbacks, the line still has many gradients of 66 to 80 per mille. The Chuo Line also once had as many as nine switchbacks between Takao and Shiojiri, but with improvements in vehicle performance, they are now only used at Hatsukari Station for freight trains.

Other switchbacks include those near Tateno Station on the Toyohashi Main Line, which crosses the outer rim of Mount Aso; near Okoba Station over Yatake on the Hisatsu Line; near Obasute Station on the Shinonoi Line; and near Nihongi Station on the Echigo Tokimeki Railway (formerly the JR Shinetsu Main Line).

[Mitsuo Yoshimura]

Switchbacks (X-shaped and Y-shaped) [Diagram]
©Shogakukan ">

Switchbacks (X-shaped and Y-shaped) [Diagram]


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

急な傾斜面の線路の勾配(こうばい)を緩和するために考えられた線路の敷き方。勾配区間に駅がある場合、停車中にブレーキを緩めると列車が動きだす危険があり、また登り坂に向けて発車する際にはかなりの力を要し、悪天候の場合には動輪が空転して発車できないこともある。したがって、駅構内の線路はなるべく水平がよい。しかし駅構内を水平にならすと、先で勾配がもっと急になるおそれがある。その対策として山越えの路線で考え出されたのがスイッチバックである。列車が駅を通過することのできるX字形、駅に停車する必要のあるY字形などの分類がある。

X字形の場合
 上ので、右下から坂を登ってきた列車は、左側に設けられた水平になっている駅に入る。この線路は行き止まりになっており、客の乗降が終わると、列車はポイントを切り替え、後退してやはり水平な右の引込線に入る。そこで停車し、またポイントを切り替えて前進し、左上の線路を登ってゆく。駅を通過する列車は右下から左上に直進する。

Y字形の場合
 下ので、右下から登ってきた列車は、水平になっている駅に停車して客の乗降がすむとポイントを切り替え、列車は逆行して右上の線路を登ってゆく。中国山脈を横断する木次(きすき)線の出雲坂根(いずもさかね)駅が有名である。

 しかし、スイッチバックは、駅に停車するためでなく、勾配を緩和する目的で設けられることが多い。小田原から強羅(ごうら)まで、15キロメートルの間に550メートルを登る箱根登山鉄道(1919年開通)は、出山(でやま)、大平台(おおひらだい)、上大平台にスイッチバックがあり、三つのうち駅があるのは大平台だけで、残る二つは単なる信号場で駅員はいない。このようにスイッチバックを設けても、この線にはまだ66~80‰(パーミル)の勾配がいくつもある。また、中央本線にはかつて高尾―塩尻間に九つものスイッチバックがあったが、車両性能が向上して現在は初狩(はつかり)駅で貨物列車専用として使用されるだけになった。

 このほか、阿蘇(あそ)の外輪山を越える豊肥本線の立野(たての)駅付近、肥薩(ひさつ)線の矢岳(やたけ)越えの大畑(おこば)駅付近、篠ノ井(しののい)線の姨捨(おばすて)駅付近、えちごトキめき鉄道(旧JR信越本線)の二本木(にほんぎ)駅付近にもスイッチバックがある。

[吉村光夫]

スイッチバック(X字形とY字形)〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

スイッチバック(X字形とY字形)〔図〕


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