Lev Borisovich Kamenev

Russian revolutionary and politician. Jewish. Born in Moscow, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1901 while studying at Moscow University, and was active throughout Russia and abroad. He was arrested in 1914 and exiled to Siberia the following year. After the February Revolution in 1917, he returned to the capital, Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), from his place of exile and worked at the editorial department of Pravda. He was briefly imprisoned after the July events. His opposition to the uprising on the eve of the October Revolution was a serious blemish on his party career. He served as chairman of the Moscow Soviet the following year, and was one of the five members of the Politburo, along with Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, and Zinoviev. In the internal party conflict over Lenin's successor in his later years, he teamed up with Stalin and Zinoviev to form the Troika (Gang of Three), which played a part in Trotsky's downfall, but in 1925 his conflict with Stalin's party mainstream deepened, he was defeated in the internal party struggle, and was expelled from the party in 1927. He later rejoined the party, but was arrested in connection with the assassination of Kirov in 1934, sentenced to prison in 1935, and sentenced to death the following year, after which he was executed. His reputation was not restored even after he criticized Stalin in 1956, but it was restored in 1988 with the start of perestroika.

[Hara Teruyuki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ロシアの革命家、政治家。ユダヤ人。モスクワ出身で、モスクワ大学在学中の1901年にロシア社会民主労働党に入り、以後ロシア各地と国外で活動。14年に逮捕され、翌年シベリアに流刑となった。17年の二月革命後、流刑地から首都ペトログラード（現サンクト・ペテルブルグ）に帰り、『プラウダ』編集部で活動した。七月事件後一時投獄された。十月革命前夜に蜂起(ほうき)反対を主張したことは党歴に重大な傷となった。翌年からモスクワ・ソビエト議長を務め、レーニン、トロツキー、スターリン、ジノビエフとともに5名の政治局員の一人であった。レーニンの晩年における後継者をめぐる党内対立では、スターリン、ジノビエフと組んでトロイカ（三人組）体制をとりトロツキーの失墜に一役買ったが、25年を転機にスターリンの党主流と対立を深め、党内闘争に敗北し、27年に党から除名された。その後復党したが、34年のキーロフ暗殺事件に関連して逮捕され、35年に禁固刑、翌年に死刑を宣告され、処刑された。1956年のスターリン批判後も名誉回復されなかったが、1988年ペレストロイカに伴い名誉回復された。

［原　暉之］

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