Gift - Zoyo (English spelling) gift; Schenkung

Japanese: 贈与 - ぞうよ（英語表記）gift; Schenkung

A contract in which one party gives a certain amount of property to the other party free of charge (Civil Code, Article 549). The property in question can be a property right or a financial benefit such as the forgiveness of debt or the provision of labor. The Civil Code recognizes the existence of a gift without any formality (even an oral promise), but in order to warn the parties from making rash contracts and to prevent disputes over the existence of contracts, which are likely to arise by nature, the unperformed portion of a gift (contract) not in writing can be revoked by either party (Article 550). In many foreign countries, gifts not in writing are not recognized as valid, but even in such cases, gifts that have actually been performed are recognized as valid, so in this respect there is not much difference from Japanese law. The donor is obligated to give the financial benefit in question to the other party, but if there is a significant change in circumstances before the performance, even a gift in writing can be a reason to terminate the contract. In addition, there are special gifts that have the characteristics of other contracts or systems, such as periodic gifts (Article 552), gifts with encumbrances (Article 553, Article 551, paragraph 2), and gifts causa mortis (Article 554), and are treated differently from general gifts according to their characteristics. (→ Bequests)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

一方の当事者が一定の財産を無償で相手方に与える契約 (民法 549) 。目的の財産は財産権のほか債務の免除や労務の提供などの財産的利益でもよい。民法はなんらかの方式がなくても (口約束でも) 贈与の成立を認めるが，当事者の軽率な契約を戒めるとともに，性質上生じやすい契約の存否をめぐる紛争を防止するため，書面によらない贈与 (契約) の未履行の部分については，いずれの当事者からも取消しうるものとする (550条) 。外国では書面によらない贈与の効力を認めない例が多いが，その場合でも現実に履行されたものについてはそのまま効力を認めるので，この点では日本法との差はあまりない。贈与者は目的の財産的利益を相手方に与える債務を負うが，履行前に著しい事情の変更があれば書面による贈与であっても契約解除の理由になるとされる。なお特殊な贈与として，定期贈与 (552条) ，負担付き贈与 (553，551条2項) ，死因贈与 (554条) など他の契約や制度の性質をあわせてもつものがあり，それぞれの性質に応じ一般の贈与と違った扱いを受ける。 (→遺贈 )

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