GATT - Gut

Japanese: GATT - ガット

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. An international agreement to break down tariff barriers. It was signed in Geneva in 1947 by the United States and 23 other countries, and came into force in 1948. It is the basic document of the international trade system after World War II. Its basic principle is free trade in line with the open economic system. Therefore, it stipulates: 1. Most-favored-nation treatment for tariff regulations and procedures; 2. Abolition or reduction of preferential tariffs; 3. Application of national treatment; 4. Abolition of import quantity restrictions; 5. Generalization of GATT tariff rates negotiated between countries to other member countries. However, on the other hand, exceptional protection provisions are also allowed for the purpose of protecting the balance of payments, promoting economic development, and promoting industrialization, and therefore the existence of customs unions and free trade areas (EC, EFTA, etc.) is permitted, and discrimination in import and export quantities and tariffs may be imposed through bilateral agreements with new member countries. The General Assembly, consisting of representatives of all member countries, is the highest decision-making body, and under it are the Ministerial Conference, the Council, and various technical committees. In 1968, the International Trade Center (ITC) was established in collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to provide guidance and assistance to developing countries in the development of trade. Seven large-scale tariff negotiations have been held in the past, and in particular the Kennedy Round in 1967 and the Tokyo Round in 1973 agreed to reduce tariffs on industrial products by more than 30%. The Uruguay Round, which began in 1986, was finalized in 1993. By that time, there were 124 countries (and the EU) that were formal members of the GATT. Japan became a formal member in 1955, and has been a member of the Council since 1959. GATT, which was merely a provisional international agreement, was dissolved in 1994 and absorbed into the newly established World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
→ Related topicsOpen economic system｜Tariff｜Tariff concession schedule｜Kennedy Round｜International cartel｜International trade charter｜Safeguard｜Reciprocity｜Multilateralism｜Regional economic integration｜Trade Expansion Act｜Trigger price｜Japan-US Automobile Talks｜Trade｜Trade and exchange liberalization

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（関税貿易に関する一般協定）の略称。関税障壁打開のための国際協定。1947年米国ほか23ヵ国がジュネーブで調印，1948年発効。第２次大戦後の国際通商体制の基本的文書となっている。開放経済体制に即した自由貿易主義を基本原則とする。そのため，1.関税規則，諸手続については最恵国待遇を適用，2.特恵関税の撤廃または軽減，3.内国民待遇の適用，4.輸入数量制限の撤廃，5.各国相互間の関税引下げ交渉によるGATT税率を他の加盟国にも一般化すること，などを定める。しかし他方では国際収支の擁護，経済開発，工業化促進などのため，例外的保護規定も認められ，したがって関税同盟や自由貿易地域（EC，EFTAなど）の存在も許され，新加盟国との２国間協定により輸出入数量・関税などで差別をつける場合もある。全加盟国代表で構成する総会が最高決定機関で，その下に閣僚会議，理事会，各種専門委員会があり，1968年国際連合貿易開発会議と共同で発展途上国の貿易開発・指導・援助のための国際貿易センター（ITC）を創設。過去７回の大規模関税交渉が行われ，とくに1967年のケネディ・ラウンド，1973年の東京ラウンドでは鉱工業製品について30％以上の関税引下げが合意された。1986年開始のウルグアイ・ラウンドは1993年に最終合意をみた。その時までの正式加盟国は124ヵ国（とEU）である。日本は1955年に正式加盟，1959年以降は理事国。暫定的な国際協定にすぎなかったガットは1994年発展的に解消し，1995年新設の世界貿易機関（WTO）に吸収された。
→関連項目開放経済体制｜関税｜関税譲許表｜ケネディ・ラウンド｜国際カルテル｜国際貿易憲章｜セーフガード｜相互主義｜多国間主義｜地域経済統合｜通商拡大法｜トリガー価格｜日米自動車協議｜貿易｜貿易為替自由化

出典　株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて　情報

<<: Conflict - Kattou (English spelling)

>>: Kattendijke, Willem Johan Cornelis