This refers to the grounds for specially permitting and justifying acts that fall under the types of crimes (constitutive elements) stipulated in the various provisions of the Penal Code. It is also called a justification. When some act violates a legal interest (for example, when someone is injured), a reason for excluding illegality is required to justify the act as being in accordance with the legal order. In Japan's Penal Code, the reasons for excluding illegality are acts performed under the law and legitimate business activities (Article 35), self-defense (Article 36), and emergency evacuation (Article 36). Academic theory understands Article 35 of the Penal Code as a comprehensive provision that broadly legalizes legitimate acts, and that this provision stipulates that the illegality of not only medical treatment by doctors and the business activities of media organizations, but also acts performed with the consent of the victim, euthanasia, and even acts of self-help are stipulated. The revised draft Penal Code stipulates that "acts performed under the law, acts performed in the course of legitimate business, and other acts permitted by law shall not be punished" (Article 13), clarifying the current prevailing position. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
刑法各則に規定された犯罪の類型 (構成要件) に該当する行為を特別に許容し正当化する根拠をいう。正当化事由とも呼ばれる。なんらかの法益侵害行為のあったとき (たとえば他人の身体を傷つけたとき) ,行為が法秩序に合致するものとして正当化されるためには違法性阻却事由を必要とする。日本の刑法は違法性阻却事由として,法令行為と正当業務行為 (35条) ,正当防衛 (36条) ,緊急避難 (36条) を規定している。学説は正当行為を広く適法化する包括的な規定として刑法 35条を理解し,医師の治療行為や報道機関の業務活動のほか,被害者の承諾による行為,安楽死,さらには自救行為もこの規定によって違法性が阻却されるとしている。改正刑法草案は「法令による行為,正当な業務による行為その他法律上許された行為は,これを罰しない」と規定し (13条) ,現在の通説的立場の明文化をはかっている。
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