Ionic polymerization

Japanese: イオン重合 - いおんじゅうごう(英語表記)ionic polymerization
Ionic polymerization

A type of polymerization reaction in which the terminals of the growing chain are ions. If they are radicals, it is called radical polymerization.

Cationic and Anionic Polymerization

Cationic polymerization is distinguished from anionic polymerization depending on the type of growing end ion. Cationic polymerization occurs when a substituent (electron-donating group) that pushes electrons into the vinyl group to be polymerized is present. An example is vinyl ether. Anionic polymerization (ionic polymerization in which an anion is the driving force of the reaction) is likely to occur in vinyl compounds with electron-accepting groups, such as acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate. Styrene, lactone, and epoxy resins can undergo both cationic and anionic polymerization. Ionic polymerization is easier to react with than radical polymerization, and can be polymerized at low temperatures. The rate and degree of polymerization are governed by the polarity of the solvent in the reaction system (the degree to which the positive and negative poles are biased in the molecule). Electron-donating and electron-accepting groups refer to groups that increase and decrease the electron adhesion of the double bond of vinyl compounds. The former are OCH3 and CH3 , and the latter are -CN-COOH and -COOR.

In cationic polymerization, acids in the broad sense act as catalysts, while in anionic polymerization, bases act as catalysts, and polymerization occurs in combination with various monomers. However, the termination of polymerization is not clear, and even at the end of polymerization, living polymers (polymer growing chain ends with relatively long-lived radicals or ions) that have active species at the polymer end are often produced. Also, the presence of small amounts of water or air often interferes with polymerization.

[Hiroshi Kakiuchi]

"Polymer Functional Materials Series 1: Polymer Synthesis and Reactions 1" edited by the Society of Polymer Science (1992, Kyoritsu Publishing)""Polymer Chemistry" by Kenzo Inoue et al. (1994, Asakura Publishing)""Materials Engineering Course: Polymer Synthetic Chemistry" by Toshiki Aoki et al. (1995, Tokyo Denki University Press)""New Chemistry Series: Polymer Synthetic Chemistry" by Shohei Inoue (1996, Shokabo Publishing)""Basic Chemistry Course: Polymer Chemistry 1: Synthesis" edited by Yoshiki Nakajo, Haruo Inoue et al. (1996, Maruzen)"

[Reference] | Cationic acid | Polymer | Monomer | Substituent | Coordination polymerization | Vinyl | Vinyl ether | Vinyl compound | Addition polymerization | Radical | Radical polymerization

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

重合反応の一形式で、成長していく連鎖の末端がイオンであるものをいう。それがラジカル(遊離基)であればラジカル重合である。

カチオン重合とアニオン重合

成長末端イオンの種類によってカチオン(陽イオン)重合とアニオン(陰イオン)重合とに区別される。カチオン重合は、重合するビニル基に電子を押し込むような置換基(電子供与性基)の存在したときにおこる。たとえばビニルエーテルなどである。アニオン重合(陰イオンであるアニオンが反応の原動力となるイオン重合)は、電子受容性基をもつビニル化合物、たとえばアクリロニトリル、メタクリル酸メチルなどにおこりやすい。スチレン、ラクトン、エポキシ樹脂などはカチオン、アニオンの両方の重合が可能である。イオン重合はラジカル重合に比べて反応がおこりやすく、低温での重合が可能である。重合速度や重合度は、反応系の溶媒の極性(分子中で正負の極が偏る度合い)によって支配される。なお、電子供与性基と受容性基とは、ビニル化合物の二重結合の電子密着を大きくする基と小さくする基をいう。前者はOCH3やCH3など、後者は-CN-COOH、-COORなど。

 カチオン重合では広い意味の酸が、アニオン重合では塩基が触媒となり、いろいろな単量体(モノマー)との組合せで重合がおこる。しかし重合の停止ははっきりせず、重合終了時においても重合体末端に活性種をもっているリビングポリマー(比較的寿命の長いラジカルやイオンをもつポリマー成長鎖末端)をつくることが多い。また、少量の水や空気の存在は重合を妨害することが多々ある。

[垣内 弘]

『高分子学会編『高分子機能材料シリーズ1 高分子の合成と反応1』(1992・共立出版)』『井上賢三ほか著『高分子化学』(1994・朝倉書店)』『青木俊樹ほか著『物質工学講座 高分子合成化学』(1995・東京電機大学出版局)』『井上祥平著『化学新シリーズ 高分子合成化学』(1996・裳華房)』『中条善樹著、井上晴夫ほか編『基礎化学コース 高分子化学1 合成』(1996・丸善)』

[参照項目] | カチオン酸 | 重合体 | 単量体 | 置換基 | 配位重合 | ビニル | ビニルエーテル | ビニル化合物 | 付加重合 | ラジカル | ラジカル重合

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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