A Greek philosopher. Born into the royal family of Ephesus, a city in the Ionian region of Asia Minor. He was noble but arrogant. He harshly criticized his contemporaries, including the citizens of Ephesus, as well as poets and philosophers such as Homer, Hesiod, Pythagoras, and Xenophanes. His work, called the Peri-Physeos (On Nature), was apparently divided into three parts dealing with the universe, politics, and gods, but it has been lost and only fragments remain. In the universe, there is a struggle between opposites, and everything arises from this struggle. Therefore, "war is the father of all and the king of all." However, a hidden harmony, a "repulsive harmony" (palinthropos harmonie), can be found in this struggle. This is the logos (law) that rules the world, and fire is considered to be the symbol of this logos. Fire is transformed into water, and water becomes earth (the downward path). Earth becomes water, and water returns to fire (the upward path), but "the upward path and the downward path are one and the same." Although the two paths are opposed to each other, they are in harmony as a whole, and this world "always was, is, and will always be, burning moderately as a living fire." He wrote about these ideas in a style that resembled short proverbs, but they were so obscure that he was given nicknames such as "the man of darkness" and "the man who asks riddles." [Mikiya Suzuki February 17, 2015] "Heraclitus" translated by Michitaro Tanaka (included in World Literature Series 63: Greek Thinkers, 1965, Chikuma Shobo) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代ギリシアの哲学者。小アジアのイオニア地方の町エフェソスの王家に生まれる。高邁(こうまい)であったが傲岸(ごうがん)。同時代のエフェソス市民をはじめホメロス、ヘシオドス、ピタゴラス、クセノファネスといった詩人や哲学者を痛罵(つうば)した。『ペリ・フュセオース』(自然について)とよばれる著作は、宇宙、政治、神を扱う3部に分かれていたらしいが、散逸して、残っているのは断片ばかりである。宇宙には相反するものの争覇があって、あらゆるものはこうした争覇から生じる。したがって、「戦いは万物の父、万物の王」である。しかし、こうした争覇のうちに秘められた調和、「反発的調和」(パリントロポス・ハルモニエー)をみいだすことができる。これが世界を支配するロゴス(理法)であって、こうしたロゴスの象徴として火が想定される。火は転化して水となり、水は土となる(下り道)。土は水となり、そして水は火に還(かえ)る(上り道)が、「上り道も下り道も一つであって同じものである」。二つの道は相反しているものの、全体としては調和が保たれており、この世界は「つねに活(い)きる火としてほどよく燃えながら、いつもあったし、あるし、あるであろう」と説いている。こうした思想を、彼は短い箴言(しんげん)風の文体で書きつづったが、それは晦渋(かいじゅう)を極め、「闇(やみ)の人」とか「謎(なぞ)をかける人」といったあだ名を与えられた。 [鈴木幹也 2015年2月17日] 『田中美知太郎訳『ヘラクレイトス』(『世界文学大系63 ギリシア思想家集』所収・1965・筑摩書房)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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