A Turkic dynasty in Iran (1794-1925). It was founded by Aghā Muhammad, a Qajar who overthrew the Zand dynasty. In the early days, it was successful in governing the Khorasan region and repelling Russian invasions, but lost another battle with Russia. In 1828, the Turkmanchay Treaty granted extraterritoriality to Iran, which was then applied to the great powers, and the colonization of Iran began. Iran tried to recover its lost territory in the northwest by using the Afghanistan Treaty, but came into conflict with Britain, which recognized Afghanistan in the Treaty of Paris in 1857, and eventually lost the Herat region (→Herat). Meanwhile, Russia, which had annexed Central Asia by 1876, tried to further promote its southward expansion policy, and the feud between Britain and Russia over Iran intensified. In response to this, a constitutional movement began within Iran around 1905, following the national liberation movement led by the Bābīs and Jamal al-Din al-Afghanistan, and finally adopted a constitutional monarchy in 1906. During this time, however, imperialist aggression by Britain and Russia continued, and the signing of the Iran Partition Agreement in 1907 by the two countries confirmed the semi-colonization of Iran. When Russia withdrew in 1917 due to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Britain forced Iran to ratify the treaty making Iran a protectorate. Furthermore, in 1920, the Red Army, in pursuit of the White Guards, occupied the port of Enzeri (→Banda-e Anzali) on the Caspian Sea coast and advanced to Rasht, further increasing the sense of crisis within Iran, but the Qajar dynasty was powerless to counter this. Reza Khan, an officer of the Cossack Brigade that was defeated in battle with the Red Army at this time, led his troops to occupy Tehran in 1921, organized a new cabinet, overcame the crisis, and was elected King of Iran in 1925, taking the name Reza Shah. Thus ended the Qajar dynasty, and saw the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty. (→History of Iran) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
イランのトルコ系王朝(1794~1925)。ザンド朝を倒したカージャール族のアーガー・ムハンマドによって開かれた。初期にはホラーサーン地方の統治やロシアの侵入の撃退に成功を収めたが,ロシアとの再度の戦いに敗れ,1828年のトルクマンチャイ条約によってその治外法権を認めてのち,これが諸列強にも適用され,イランの植民地化が開始された。北西部における失地をアフガニスタン方面で回復しようとしてイギリスと対立したが,1857年パリ条約でアフガニスタンを承認し,ヘラート地方(→ヘラート)をも最終的に失った。一方,1876年までに中央アジアを併合したロシアはさらに南下政策を推進しようとし,イランをめぐるイギリスとロシアの確執が激化した。これに対しイラン内部では,バーブ教やジャマール・ウッディーン・アルアフガーニーによる民族解放運動に続いて,1905年頃から立憲運動が開始され,1906年ついに立憲君主制が採用された。しかしこの間にもイギリスとロシアの帝国主義的侵略は進展し,1907年両国のイラン分割協定の締結によりイランの半植民地化は確定的となった。1917年ロシア革命勃発のためロシアが引き揚げると,イギリスはイランを保護国化する協約の批准を迫った。さらに 1920年,白衛軍を追う赤軍のカスピ海沿岸のエンゼリー港(→バンダレアンザリー)占領およびラシュト進出に,イラン国内における危機感はいっそう高まったが,カージャール朝はこれに対しなんらなすすべをもたなかった。このとき赤軍との交戦に敗退したコサック旅団の一将校レザー・ハーンは兵を率いて 1921年テヘランを占領,新内閣を組織してこの危機を乗り切り,1925年イラン国王に推戴されレザー・シャーと名のった。ここにカージャール朝は滅び,パフラビー朝の成立をみた。(→イラン史)
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