Sailor - Kako

Japanese: 水手 - かこ

It is also written as Mizunushi or Kasuko, and Mizute and Mizunushi are also pronounced as "suishu". Originally it was a general term for sailors, but later it came to refer to lower-ranking crew members under the command of higher-ranking crew members such as the boatman and helmsman. Under the Ritsuryo system, seamen and fishermen were conscripted or employed as "saiten" (manpower). During the Sengoku period, feudal lords conscripted fishermen under their control as "saiten" for military purposes, and the fishermen were granted the right to use fishing grounds in return for this "saiten" (manpower). During the Edo period, although the form differed by region, feudal domains designated major fishing villages as "suitenura" (mizuteura) and "otateura" (Otateura) to secure people to pay the "saiten" (manpower) duties for rice transportation, while granting exclusive fishing rights to the urakata (portable areas). However, as the private shipping industry developed, the "saiten" (manpower) was replaced by "buyaku" (rice rice) and "bukin" (rice rice).
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Sailor [Suishu]

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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

水主・加子などとも記し，水手・水主は〈すいしゅ〉とも読む。本来は船乗りの総称であったが，のちに船頭・梶取(かじとり)などの上級船員に対して，配下の下級船員の呼称となった。律令制下では海人・漁民などを夫役(ぶやく)として徴集，あるいは雇用して水手とした。戦国期には軍事上の必要から領主が支配下の漁民を水手に徴用，漁民はこの夫役（水手役）負担に対して漁場占有利用権などを付与された。江戸時代には地域によって形態は違うものの，諸藩は主要漁村を水手浦・御立浦(おたてうら)などに指定して，廻米輸送などに従事させる水手役負担者を確保する一方，浦方に対して占有漁業権を与えている。しかし，民間の回漕業が発達するにつれ，水手役は夫米・夫金に代わっていった。
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