While ordinary dwarf stars that undergo hydrogen nuclear fusion are red, this peculiar dwarf star shines hot and whitish. It is a star with a mass less than about 8 times that of the Sun that has lost most of its hydrogen-rich outer layer at the AGB stage (asymptotic giant branch), leaving only its central core, where nuclear fusion reactions are not taking place. Inside, atoms are broken down and supported by the degenerate pressure of electrons, and its structure is almost independent of temperature, so it is destined to slowly cool without gravitational contraction and become a dark star. White dwarfs were discovered in 1925 by Adams as companion stars to Sirius, but their existence had been predicted theoretically before their discovery, and their strong surface gravity was expected to be useful in testing general relativistic redshifts. Adams claimed to have detected a redshift, but this is now questioned. The companion star of Sirius, which is considered a representative example of a white dwarf, has almost the same mass as the Sun, but its radius is less than two-hundredths of the Sun, and its average density is 400 kilograms per cubic centimeter. Its surface temperature is high at about 15,000 K, but its luminosity is about one-hundredth of the Sun. An average white dwarf has a mass of 0.6 solar masses, a radius one-hundredth of the solar radius, a surface temperature of 10,000 to 100,000 K, and a surface gravity 10,000 times that of the Sun. There are a great many white dwarfs known today. Most of them have been detected by searches for ultraviolet-excess stars (stars that emit more ultraviolet radiation than normal stars) or for stars with large proper motion, and most of the stars detected by both searches are white dwarfs. They are classified into DA, DB, DC, DO, DZ, and DQ types based on their spectra. These types are thought to be due to differences in chemical composition, such as DA type, which has only hydrogen lines, DB type, which has only neutral helium lines, DC type, which has almost no absorption lines, DO type, which has ionized helium lines, DZ type, which has only metal lines, and DQ type, which has carbon and carbon-related molecule lines. Many white dwarfs show optical variations with periods of 100 to 1000 seconds. This is thought to be due to gravitational waves excited by non-radial vibrations (like ripples on a pond) in the thin outer layer. [Keiichi Kodaira and Hiroyasu Ando] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水素核融合を行っている普通の矮星が赤色であるのに対し、高温で白っぽく輝く特異な矮星。太陽質量の約8倍より小さい星が、AGB段階(漸近巨星枝(ぜんきんきょせいし))で水素を多く含む外層をほとんど失い中心核だけとなり、核融合反応が行われていない星である。内部は原子が壊れて電子の縮退圧で支えられ、構造が温度にほとんど依存せず、したがって重力収縮をしないでゆっくりと冷えて暗黒星となっていく運命にある。 白色矮星は1925年にシリウスの伴星としてアダムズにより発見されたが、発見より以前に理論的に存在が予測されていたもので、その強い表面重力は一般相対論的赤方偏移の検証に役だつものと期待された。アダムズは赤方偏移を検出したとしたが、現在では疑問視されている。 白色矮星の代表例とされるシリウスの伴星は太陽とほぼ同じ質量をもつが、その半径は太陽の100分の2以下であって、平均密度は1立方センチメートル当り400キログラムもある。また表面温度は約1万5000Kと高温であるが、光度は太陽の100分の1程度である。平均的な白色矮星は、質量が0.6太陽質量、半径が100分の1太陽半径、表面温度が1~10万K、表面重力が太陽表面重力の1万倍である。 今日では非常に多くの白色矮星が知られている。その多くは紫外超過星(通常の星に比べて紫外域の放射量が強い星)の探査や、固有運動の大きな星の探査によって検出されたもので、この両方の探査で共通に検出されるものの大部分が白色矮星である。スペクトルによってDA型、DB型、DC型、DO型、DZ型、DQ型などに分類されるが、これらは、水素線だけが顕著なDA型、中性ヘリウムだけが強いDB型、ほとんど吸収線がみられないDC型、電離ヘリウムの強いDO型、金属線だけがみえるDZ型、炭素原子や炭素関連分子の線が強いDQ型など、化学組成の相異によるものと考えられている。白色矮星には周期100から1000秒で変光を示すものが多い。これは薄い外層が非動径振動(池に立つさざ波のような波)の重力波が励起されたものと考えられている。 [小平桂一・安藤裕康] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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