Ausgleich - Ausgleich (English spelling)

Agreement between Austria and Hungary in 1867. After the "Revolution of 1848", the Habsburg Empire returned to absolutism, but the Austrian-German people, the ruling ethnic group in the empire, felt a crisis in their rule due to the relative backwardness of industrial development, the rise of ethnic groups within the empire, and the decline of their international status following the defeat in the war against Prussia (1866). On the other hand, there was also a threat to Slavism, so they took the defeat in the war as an opportunity to seek a solution by forming an alliance with the Magyars. On the other hand, the Magyars had ruled and formed the Kingdom of Hungary by subjugating ethnic minorities, including Slavs, within the empire until 1848, but they were defeated in the War of Independence against Austria in 1848-1849, and continued their independence movement both at home and abroad. However, due to the threat of Germany and Russia if they gained independence, the rise of peasant and ethnic minority movements within Hungary, and chronic lack of funds and credit, they gradually came to see the preservation of the empire and securing their interests within it as a better strategy. The Austrian emperor was the sovereign of both countries, and the two countries came to an agreement called the Austrian Concordat, which established a dual kingdom with the Austrian emperor as its common sovereign. This agreement greatly stimulated the economic development of both countries, and in particular led to the strengthening of the imperial dominance of the Austrian capitalists and the Hungarian landowners.

[Ieda Osamu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

オーストリア・ハンガリー間の1867年の協定。「1848年の革命」ののち、絶対主義に復帰したハプスブルク帝国では、産業発展の相対的立ち後れ、帝国内諸民族の台頭、対プロイセン戦争敗北（1866）に伴う国際的地位の低下などにより、帝国内の支配民族たるオーストリア・ドイツ人は帝国支配に危機を感じた。また、一方でスラブ主義に対する脅威もあったため、戦争の敗北を機に、その打開をマジャール人との同盟に求めた。他方、マジャール人は、1848年まで帝国内でスラブ系を含む少数民族を従えてハンガリー王国を支配形成していたが、1848～1849年の対オーストリア独立戦争に敗れ、以後内外で独立運動を継続していた。しかし、独立した場合のドイツ、ロシアの脅威、ハンガリー内での農民や少数民族の運動の高揚、慢性的資金・信用不足などの理由から、しだいに帝国の保全とそのなかでの利益の確保をより得策とみるようになった。ここに両者のアウスグライヒ（和協）が実現し、オーストリア皇帝を共通の君主とする二重王国が成立した。この協定の締結により両国は経済的にも大いに発展を刺激され、とくに、オーストリア大資本家とハンガリー大地主の帝国支配の強化をもたらすことになった。

［家田　修］

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