Einstein Satellite

Japanese: アインシュタイン衛星 - あいんしゅたいんえいせい
Einstein Satellite

...For bursts, the results of the Japan Space Agency's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science are used. The large astronomical satellite HEAO-2 (Einstein satellite) observed energy ranges of 1 keV or less, whereas other satellites mainly observed energy ranges of 1 to 2 keV or more. It used a large X-ray reflecting telescope to observe with far greater sensitivity than other satellites, at less than 1 keV. As a result, it was found that normal stars also emit X-rays.

From [X-ray Astronomy]

...Hot plasma in interstellar space can now also be studied with X-rays. Since the first artificial satellite dedicated to X-ray astronomy, UHURU (USA), was launched at the end of 1970, five or six small astronomy satellites, including SAS-3 (USA) and Ariel-5 (UK), conducted observations in the 1970s, and two large satellites weighing 2 to 3 tons, HEAO-1 and HEAO-2 (known as the Einstein satellites), were in operation at the end of the 1970s. As of early 1983, the only two X-ray astronomy satellites still continuing observations are Hakucho and Tenma, operated by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science in Japan. ...

From [X-ray Telescope]

...Although this is limited by the energy and wavelength of X-rays, it is a full-scale imaging telescope with extremely high sensitivity. The first full-scale astronomical satellite, HEAO-2 (Einstein satellite), was active from 1978 to 1981 with a telescope with a focal length of 3.4m and an aperture of 56cm, and opened up a new dimension in X-ray astronomy. Japan's X-ray astronomy satellites equipped with X-ray reflecting telescopes include Ginga, launched in 1987, the Solar X-ray Observation Satellite Yohkoh, launched in 1991, and Asuka, launched in 1993.

From [Corona]

The corona is a hot spot in the atmosphere, and the electrical resistance is extremely low. In the corona, the plasma is heated by a large amount of heat, which causes the plasma to heat up.
[Coronas of other stars]
Following the Skylab satellite, the Einstein satellite (HEAO-2), equipped with a large X-ray telescope to investigate X-ray radiation in space, and the IUE satellite equipped with an ultraviolet telescope were launched around 1980, greatly advancing the search for X-ray and ultraviolet radiation sources in space, one of the results of which was the observation of the stellar corona. In the 1960s, when it was thought that the solar corona was caused by acoustic shock wave heating, the energy of pressure waves generated by various stars was calculated using the surface turbulent convection, which was already theoretically known at the time, and the existence of the corona was discussed based on this.

*Some of the terminology that refers to the "Einstein Satellite" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…バーストについては日本の宇宙科学研究所の結果が使われる。大型天文衛星HEAO‐2(アインシュタイン衛星)は他の衛星の観測エネルギー範囲がおもに1~2keV以上であるのに対して,1keV以下で大型X線反射望遠鏡によってけた違いに高い感度による観測を行った。その結果,通常の恒星もX線を放射していることがわかった。…

【X線天文学】より

…星間空間の熱いプラズマもX線で調べられるようになっている。 1970年末,初めてX線天文専門の人工衛星ウフルUHURU(アメリカ)が打ち上げられて以来,70年代にはSAS‐3(アメリカ),エアリエルAriel‐5(イギリス)などを含む5~6個の小型天文衛星が観測し,70年代末にはHEAO‐1,HEAO‐2(アインシュタイン衛星と呼ばれる)2個の重量2~3tの大型衛星が働いた。83年初頭に観測を続けているのは,日本の宇宙科学研究所による〈はくちょう〉〈てんま〉の2個のX線天文衛星だけである。…

【X線望遠鏡】より

…これはX線のエネルギー,波長に制限はあるが結像式の本格的な望遠鏡できわめて高い感度をもっている。本格的には大型天文衛星HEAO‐2(アインシュタイン衛星)が焦点距離3.4m,口径56cmの望遠鏡によって1978‐81年にわたって活躍し,X線天文学に新しい局面を開いた。日本のX線天文衛星としては87年打上げの〈ぎんが〉,91年打上げの太陽X線観測衛星〈ようこう〉,93年打上げの〈あすか〉がX線反射望遠鏡を搭載している。…

【コロナ】より

…従来のプラズマ理論によれば,コロナのような高温状態では電気抵抗がきわめて小さく,これらの電流の熱化はむずかしいが,最近ではプラズマ中の各種波動の励起により,伝導電子が散乱されて実効抵抗が大きくなり電流が熱化されるという可能性が論じられている。
[他の恒星のコロナ]
 上記スカイラブ衛星に続いて,宇宙のX線放射をさぐる大型X線望遠鏡を積んだアインシュタイン衛星(HEAO‐2),紫外線望遠鏡を積んだIUE衛星などが80年前後に打ち上げられて,宇宙のX線および紫外線放射源の探査が大きく進んだが,その成果の一つに恒星のコロナの観測がある。太陽コロナが音波衝撃波加熱によると考えられていた1960年代には,種々の星について,すでに当時から理論的に知られていた表面乱対流のようすを用いて発生する圧力波のエネルギーを計算し,それに基づいて,コロナの存在が論じられていた。…

※「アインシュタイン衛星」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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