It is an underground waterway irrigation facility, and its name means underground waterway in Arabic. In arid regions, there is no water on the surface of the earth, but in alluvial fans that develop at the foot of high mountains, water flowing down from the mountainside seeps underground, so there is an abundance of salt-free groundwater at the top of the fan. Therefore, main wells, called mother wells, about 20 to 30 meters deep, are dug at intervals of 30 to 50 meters, and the groundwater that springs out at the bottom of the wells is guided to a point far away from the main well through long underground waterways that are dug almost horizontally for several kilometers, sometimes more than 40 kilometers, to supply high-quality drinking water and irrigation water to the settlements. Although the underground waterways cannot be seen from the surface, the unique landscape of the qanat is that numerous vertical shafts, dug for transporting excavated soil and for ventilation, are lined up along the underground waterways. Qanat originated in Persia before the Common Era, and spread east from Afghanistan and Pakistan to Turfan in China (where they were called Karez), and in the west to North Africa by the Arabs (where they were called Foggara), and further to Peru in South America by the Spanish. [Takeo Oda] In 2016, 11 qanats in Iran were registered as a World Heritage Site (World Cultural Heritage) by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) as the "Underground Qanats of Iran". [Editorial Department, May 21, 2018] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地下水路式灌漑(かんがい)施設で、アラビア語で地下水路を意味する。乾燥地帯では地表には水はなくても、高峻(こうしゅん)な山脈の山麓(さんろく)に発達する扇状地には、山腹から流下してきた水が地下に浸透するので、扇頂部には塩分を含まない地下水が豊富に存在する。そこで母井戸とよばれる深さ20~30メートルほどの元井戸を30~50メートルの間隔ごとに掘り、井底にわき出した地下水を、長さ数キロメートル、ときには40キロメートル以上に及ぶほとんど水平に掘られた長い地下水路で、元井戸から遠く離れた地点まで誘導して集落に良質の飲料水や灌漑水を供給する。地下水路は地表では見えないが、掘り出した土を搬出し、また通風などのために掘られた多数の竪坑(たてこう)が地下水路に沿って配列されているのがカナートの特異な景観である。カナートは紀元前のペルシアに起源をもち、東はアフガニスタン、パキスタンから中国のトゥルファンにまで及び(カレーズKarezという)、また西はアラブ人によって北アフリカに(フォガラFoggaraという)、さらにスペイン人によって南アメリカのペルーにまで伝えられたという。 [織田武雄] 2016年、イランの11のカナートが「イランの地下水路カナート」としてユネスコ(国連教育科学文化機関)の世界遺産の文化遺産(世界文化遺産)に登録された。 [編集部 2018年5月21日] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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