urbs

Japanese: urbs
urbs

…(2) During the period of great migrations, it became the term for a local administrative district of the Western Roman Empire consisting of a city and its surrounding dependent villages. (3) In Latin historical documents from the early Middle Ages and the Carolingian period, various expressions such as civitas, urbs, oppidum, castellum, castrum, and vicus are used to describe urban settlements, but the name civitas (or urbs) seems to have been used only for cities that had been the seat of a bishopric since the Roman period, and even since the Merovingian period or even earlier. The use of the word civitas is relatively rare for ancient Roman cities that had a bishopric only in the 8th century. …

From [City]

… Similarly, cities in Russia, China, the Arab world, etc., seem to have different views of cities from the above, based on their urban forms and lifestyles. [Kenichi Tanabe]
[History of World Cities]

【Europe】

[Ancient Greek and Roman cities]
In the heyday of classical antiquity in Europe, i.e., in Greece and Rome, cities were called polis or urbs, and were city-states with territories surrounding them. Their basic characteristics were that they were formed as a result of the concentration of landlord warriors, and that their members were consumer citizens, dependent on slavery for agricultural production and on a variety of vassals and foreigners for commerce and industry.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "urbs" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…(2)民族大移動時代には,都市とその周辺の従属農村とから成る西ローマ帝国の〈地方行政区〉を呼ぶ語となった。(3)中世初期,カロリング朝時代のラテン語史料では,都市的集落を表現するために,キウィタス,ウルブスurbs,オッピドゥムoppidum,カステルムcastellum,カストルムcastrum,ウィクスvicusなどの種々の表現が用いられているが,この中でキウィタス(またはウルブス)の名称は,ローマ時代以来の,しかもメロビング朝時代以来またはその以前から司教座所在地となったような〈都市〉についてのみ用いられたようである。古来のローマ都市であっても,8世紀に入ってはじめて司教座が設けられたような都市については,キウィタスの語の用例は比較的まれである。…

【都市】より

… 同様に,ロシア,中国,アラブ等の都市も,都市の形態,生活様態からして,上述の事がらとはまた違った都市観がそれぞれにあるように思われる。【田辺 健一】
〔世界の都市史〕

【ヨーロッパ】

[古代ギリシア,ローマの都市]
 ヨーロッパの古典古代,すなわちギリシア,ローマの盛時における都市はポリスあるいはウルプスurbsと呼ばれ,周辺一帯の領土をもつ都市国家である。その基本的な特色は,地主的戦士の集住を契機に成立したものであり,農業生産は奴隷制に,商工業は多様な付庸の民や異邦人に依存する,いわば消費者的市民を構成メンバーとするものであった。…

※「urbs」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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