Virgil (English spelling) Pūblius Vergilius Marō

Japanese: ウェルギリウス - うぇるぎりうす(英語表記)Pūblius Vergilius Marō
Virgil (English spelling) Pūblius Vergilius Marō

A representative poet of the Roman classical period. Virgil was born in a farming family near Mantua in northern Italy, and studied rhetoric in Rome. However, due to his shy personality, he gave up on making a living as an orator, and joined a group of poets called the Neotericians to indulge in poetry. Around 49 BC, he went to Naples and studied philosophy under the Epicurean philosopher Silos. Most of the poems in the Katalepton (Collection of Short Poems), which are said to be the works of Virgil, are forgeries that imitate his style, but three of them are considered to be studies from his apprenticeship. The ten-piece Bucorica (Pastoral) (also called Eclogae) was written between around 41 BC and 37 BC. It skillfully combines three worlds, the world of Sicilian shepherds sung by the Greek pastoral poet Theocritus, the ideal world of shepherds, Arcadia, created by Virgil, and the real Rome in the midst of the chaos of civil war, to create a unique poetic world. In the first canto, the political event of land confiscation caused by the civil war is reflected in the world of shepherds. In the fourth canto, the birth of a person who would save the troubled world is sung, which was later interpreted as a prophecy of the appearance of Christ. In the sixth canto, a unique style of poem is written that sings of the creation of the universe and mythology. In particular, his elegant style of writing, which sings of the simple love of shepherds, was considered a model for later pastoral poets. Around the time of the publication of "Bucorica," he was recognized by Maecenas, a powerful politician and patron of the literary world at the time, and further gained the favor of Octavianus (later Augustus).

The four books of the Georgica, begun around 39 BC and completed around 29 BC, were dedicated to Maecenas and follow the tradition of didactic poetry dating back to Hesiod. Each book sings about farming, fruit growing, livestock farming, and beekeeping, in that order. The aim of the songs was not to give practical lessons on farm management, but to deeply consider the origin, causes, essence, and practice of farming, and to find universal meaning in them. The style shows the influence of Lucretius' didactic poem On the Nature of Things. On the other hand, the legend of Aristaeus and the story of Orpheus and Eurydice, both told in the fourth book, show the techniques unique to Hellenistic Greek poetry. Some critics consider the poem to be a masterpiece of Latin literature because of its perfect sympathy with the natural world and perfect structure.

The 12 books of the epic poem "Aeneid" (Song of Aeneas) were written starting around 26 BC (or 29 BC) and were left incomplete by the death of Virgil in 19 BC. It was conceived as a Roman national epic, but it can also be seen as a tribute to Augustus, who brought about a long-awaited peace after many years of civil war. The Trojan hero Aeneas wandered from place to place after his homeland was destroyed by the Greek army, but was guided by a prophecy to reach Italy, where he conquered the enemies there and finally built the foundations of Rome. There are impressive scenes, such as the tragic love affair with Dido, Queen of Carthage, and the protagonist's visit to the underworld, but rather than Aeneas being the protagonist, it is the history of Rome that is symbolically expressed through his character and actions. The beautiful fusion of mythology dating back to Greece and Roman history was born from the poet's original idea. The influence of Greek literature, particularly Homer, is evident, but this does not diminish its originality. He was buried in Naples after his death, and was revered as a great poet and prophet in the Middle Ages.

[Michio Oka]

"Pastoral and Agricultural Poems, translated by Kawazu Chiyo (1981, Miraisha)"

[References] | Aeneid

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ローマ古典期の代表的詩人。バージルVirgilは英語名。北イタリア、マントバ近郊の農家に生まれ、ローマで修辞学を修めた。しかし内気な性格のため弁論で身をたてることをあきらめ、ネオテリキ(現代派)とよばれる詩人グループに加わって詩作にふけったが、紀元前49年ごろナポリへ行き、エピクロス学派の哲学者シロのもとで哲学を学んだ。ウェルギリウスの作品として伝えられる『カタレプトン(小品集)』の詩編はほとんどが彼の文体を模倣した偽作であるが、うち3編は彼の修業時代の習作とみなされる。10編からなる『ブコリカ(牧歌)』(『エクロガエ〈詩選〉』ともよばれる)は前41年ごろから前37年ごろにかけてつくられた。そこには三つの世界、すなわち、ギリシアの牧歌詩人テオクリトスが歌うシチリアの牧人の世界、ウェルギリウスが創造した牧人の理想郷アルカディア、内乱の混乱のなかにある現実のローマが巧みに結び合わされ独特の詩的世界がつくりだされる。第1歌では内乱に伴う土地没収という政治的事件が牧人の世界に反映する。第4歌では乱世を救う者の生誕が歌われるが、これはのちにキリストの出現を預言するものと解された。第6歌は宇宙の生成や神話を歌う特異な作風の詩である。とくに牧人の素朴な恋を歌う優雅な文体は後代の牧歌詩人の模範とされた。『ブコリカ』を刊行したころ、当時の有力な政治家で文人の保護者でもあったマエケナスに認められ、さらにオクタビアヌス(後のアウグストゥス)の知遇を得た。

 前39年ごろから書き始められ前29年ごろ完成した『ゲオルギカ(農耕詩)』4巻は、ヘシオドスにさかのぼる教訓詩の伝統にのっとってつくられた詩で、マエケナスに捧(ささ)げられた。ここでは農耕、果樹栽培、牧畜、蜜蜂(みつばち)の飼育が各巻ごとにこの順序で歌われる。この歌のねらいは、農場経営について実際的な教訓を与えることではなく、農耕の起源、原因、本質、実践について深く考察し、そこに普遍的な意義をみいだすことにあった。その作風にはルクレティウスの教訓詩『事物の本性について』の影響が認められる。一方、第4歌で語られるアリスタエウス伝説やオルフェウスとエウリディケの物語には、ヘレニズム時代のギリシア詩独特の技法をうかがうことができる。この詩はそこにみられる自然界との完全な共感や完璧(かんぺき)な構成ゆえにラテン文学の最高傑作とみなす評者もいる。

 叙事詩『アエネイス(アエネアスの歌)』12巻は前26年(または前29年)ごろから執筆され、前19年ウェルギリウスの死により未完のまま残された。これはローマの国民的叙事詩として構想されたが、長年の内乱を収め待望の平和を実現させたアウグストゥスをたたえる意図も読み取れる。トロイの英雄アエネアスは、祖国がギリシア軍によって滅ぼされたのちほうぼうを放浪したが、預言に導かれてイタリアに着き、その地の敵を制圧してついにローマの礎(いしずえ)を築いた。カルタゴの女王ディドの悲恋や主人公の冥界(めいかい)訪問など印象的な場面があるが、主人公はアエネアスというより、むしろ彼の人物像と行動を通じ象徴的に現れるローマの歴史である。ギリシアにさかのぼる神話と、ローマの歴史とのみごとな融合は、詩人の独創的な着想から生まれた。ホメロスをはじめとするギリシア文学の影響は顕著であるが、その独創性を損なうものではない。死後ナポリに埋葬され、中世には偉大な詩人・預言者として崇拝された。

[岡 道男]

『河津千代訳『牧歌・農耕詩』(1981・未来社)』

[参照項目] | アエネイス

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