German economist. One of the early founders of the theory of marginal utility. Born in Julen, which was then a French territory under Napoleon's rule, he studied law at the universities of Bonn and Berlin. He worked as a civil servant for most of his life, but around 1850, realizing that he was nearing death due to pulmonary tuberculosis, he compiled his long-held ideas in his book, "Development of the Laws of Exchange Economy and of the Laws of the Norms of Economic Behavior Derived from Them" (1854). This book did not sell well because it was difficult to understand, and it is said that the disappointed author bought it and burned it. However, it became famous after being later discovered by D. Adamson and reevaluated by S. Jevons. His achievements were reevaluated in later generations, as F. Wieser named the equivalent of the "law of diminishing marginal utility" "Gossen's First Law," and W. Lexis named the equivalent of the "law of equal marginal utility" "Gossen's Second Law" (a third edition edited by F. A. Hayek was published in 1927). Using these laws, Gossen, influenced by the utilitarianism of J. Bentham and the positivism of A. Comte, attempted to construct a system of hedonism that aims to maximize the enjoyment of human life. As a theoretical conclusion, he developed a theory of liberal social reform, and advocated nationalization of land and a national credit system, on the grounds that private ownership of land and capital is an obstacle to achieving the optimal state of distribution according to the capabilities of individuals. These ideas are similar to those of L. Walras and P. J. Proudhon. [Shimazu Ryoji] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの経済学者。初期の限界効用学説の創始者の一人。当時ナポレオン治下のフランス領になっていたジューレンに生まれ、ボン、ベルリン両大学で法律学を学んだ。生涯をほぼ官吏として終始したが、1850年ごろから肺結核のため死期を自覚して年来の構想をまとめたのが『交換経済の諸法則とこれに由来する経済行為の規範の諸法則との発展』Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fliessenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln(1854)である。この書物は難解のため売れず、落胆した著者が買い取って焼却したといわれるが、のちにD・アダムソンによって発見され、S・ジェボンズによって再評価されてから有名になり、「限界効用逓減(ていげん)の法則」に相当するものを「ゴッセンの第一法則」と名づけたのはF・ウィーザーであり、「限界効用均等の法則」に相当するものを「ゴッセンの第二法則」と名づけたのはW・レキシスであったように、後世になってその業績が見直されたのである(1927年にはF・A・ハイエクの校訂による第3版が出た)。 ゴッセンはこれらの法則を利用して、J・ベンサムの功利主義や、A・コントの実証主義の影響のもとに、人間生活の享楽的極大化を目ざすヘドニズム(享楽主義)の体系を構築しようとした。その理論的帰結として、自由主義的社会改革論を展開し、個人の能力に応じて分配の最適状態を実現するためには、土地・資本の私有が障害になるとして、土地の国有化と国家的信用制度を提唱したが、これらの構想はL・ワルラスやP・J・プルードンの場合と類似している。 [島津亮二] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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