A musical term. The name of each note in a scale determined by its interval with respect to a standard note. It has similarities and commonalities with note names, but whereas note names indicate absolute pitches, scale names indicate relative pitches. The scale names of traditional Chinese and Japanese music are five tones and seven tones (also known as five tones and seven tones). The five tones are Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng, Chi, and Yu. The seven tones are Gong, Shang, Jiao, Henchi, Zheng, Yu, and Henkyu. In Chinese theory, each note of the twelve rhythms is considered a Gong (the twelve equals), and it was thought that within each equality there existed scales with different pitch relationships, such as Gongcho and Shangcho. In the Chinese public, there is a Gongchefu (Gongsekhu) based on the Tang Dynasty Hichirikifu (Hichiriki Music), which uses 10 characters to represent the seven tones: He, Si, Yi, Shang, Shaku, Gong, Fan, Liu, Wu, and Yi. These five and seven tones were introduced to Japan during the Nara period, and were used in gagaku and chanting. Later, due to the reform of the musical system in the late Heian period, all of these Rokujoshi and Edajoshi came to have the tonic note as a palace, and the five tones were expressed using curved angles and eiu. The five tones can also be abbreviated as U (palace), Roku (business), Ku (angle), Yama (sign), and =Yo (feather) based on the strokes of the characters. In addition, in Japan, the names of Jo, Chu, Ge, Kuri, and Ryo in Yowagin and Tsuyogin of Noh plays can also be considered as kae names. The scale names in Western music are do, re, mi, fa, so, la, and si. It began in the 11th century when Guido D'Arezzo expressed each note of the hexachord in the melody of "St. John's Hymn" as the corresponding syllables in the lyrics, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, and la, and was completed in the 17th century when the seventh note si was added and ut was changed to do. These are also the names of notes in Italy and France today. Since scale names do not change with the key, they are convenient for reading music, and in the West, the singing method using them is called solmization. In Japan, five and seven tones are not used in scale name singing, and instead, there are many singing methods specific to each instrument, such as the mouth shamisen (tochirichin), the hichiriki (hichiriki) of gagaku, the ryuteki (ryuteki), and the shoga (singing) of the noh flute. In addition, the Sanskrit scale names Sa-ri-ga-ma-pa-da-ni (abbreviation of the seven tones of Shajja, Rishabha, Gandhara, Madhyama, Panchama, Daivata, and Nishada), which existed in India before the Common Era, coincidentally resemble Western scale names, and there is the Sarigama singing method. In Indonesia, there are five- or seven-tone scale names called Dong Deng in Bali, Damina style in Sunda, and Titiraras-Kepatihan in Java. [Yoko Hashimoto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
音楽用語。音階中の各音を標準音との音程から決定した呼び名。音名と類似性、共通性をもつが、音名が絶対的音高を表すのに対し、階名は相対的音高を表す。 中国、日本の伝統音楽の階名は五声と七声である(別名五音(ごいん)、七音(しちいん)とも)。五声は宮(きゅう)・商(しょう)・角(かく)・徴(ち)・羽(う)。七声は宮・商・角・変徴(へんち)・徴・羽・変宮(へんきゅう)。中国理論では十二律の各音を宮とし(十二均)、一つの均(きん)に宮調・商調など音程関係の異なる音階が存在すると考えられた。中国民間には、七声を表すのに、唐の篳篥(ひちりき)譜に基づく「工尺譜」があり、合・四・一・上・尺・工・凡・六・五・乙の10字が使われる。この五声、七声は奈良時代に日本に到来し、雅楽や声明(しょうみょう)に用いられた。のち、平安後期の楽制改革により、これらの六調子と枝調子はすべて主音を宮とし、五声に変角や嬰羽(えいう)を用いて表すようになった。五声はその字画からウ(宮)・六(商)・ク(角)・山(徴)・=ヨ(羽)という略記法もある。そのほか日本では、謡曲のヨワ吟、ツヨ吟それぞれにある上・中・下・クリ・呂(りょ)などの名称も、階名とみなしうる。 西洋音楽の階名はド、レ、ミ、ファ、ソ、ラ、シである。11世紀にグイード・ダレッツォが『聖ヨハネ讃歌(さんか)』の旋律に含まれるヘクサコルドの各音を、それに対応する歌詞のシラブルut、re、mi、fa、sol、laで表したことに始まり、その後17世紀に第7音siを加え、utをdoに読み替えて完成した。これは現在イタリア、フランスでは音名でもある。 階名は調性により変化しないため読譜に便利で、西洋ではこれによる唱法をソルミゼーションという。日本では五声、七声は階名唱法に用いず、これにかわる口承の手段として、トチチリチンなどという口三味線(くちじゃみせん)、雅楽の篳篥(ひちりき)、竜笛(りゅうてき)、能管の唱歌(しょうが)など、各楽器固有の唱法が数多くある。その他、インドに紀元前から存在するサンスクリット語の階名サ・リ・ガ・マ・パ・ダ・ニ(シャッジャ、リシャバ、ガンダーラ、マディヤマ、パンチャマ、ダイバタ、ニシャーダの七声の略)は、偶然にも西洋の階名と酷似し、サリガマ唱法がある。またインドネシアには、バリにドン・デング、スンダにダミナ式、ジャワにティティララス・クパティハンとよばれる五声または七声の階名がある。 [橋本曜子] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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