Accounting Law - Kaikeiho

Japanese: 会計法 - かいけいほう
Accounting Law - Kaikeiho

A general law regulating the state's revenues and expenditures (Act No. 35 of 1947).

Under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Meiji Constitution), the Accounting Law contained provisions on the procedures for income and expenditure, as well as provisions on the budget and settlement system, but under the Constitution of Japan after World War II, the decision was made to prescribe technical provisions on income and expenditure, and to unify the basic principles for financial processing and the nature of the budget and settlement system by enacting a new Financial Law. In this way, the Accounting Law after World War II has the character of being a technical and procedural provision on the nation's cash accounting.

The Accounting Law consists of 8 chapters and 50 articles, and the first general provision is the principle of unified income and expenditure (Article 2). This principle prohibits the mixing of revenues and expenditures, and requires that revenues must be paid into the national treasury and consolidated, and expenditures must be paid from the expenditure budget. Another important principle of cash accounting is the principle of an independent fiscal year. This principle is stipulated in Articles 12 and 42 of the Financial Law, and unlike the old Accounting Law, the current Accounting Law does not explicitly state this, but it is considered to be a natural principle as long as fiscal years are established.

Furthermore, the Accounting Act contains provisions regarding income, expenditures, contracts, statutes of limitations, national treasury funds and securities, and accounting officials. In addition, there are government ordinances, such as the Budget, Settlement and Accounting Act and the Temporary Special Provisions for the Budget, Settlement and Accounting Act, that are used to specifically implement the Accounting Act.

Many of the provisions in the Accounting Act have the direct purpose of ensuring the accuracy of accounting procedures within the country. In that sense, the Accounting Act can be said to be essentially a directive law for the country's internal accounting institutions. However, there are some provisions, such as provisions regarding statutes of limitations (Articles 30 and following), that directly regulate legal relationships between the state and third parties, so caution is required.

The concept of accounting is ambiguous, and accounting law can be broadly defined according to the classification of accounting objects (cash accounting, commodity accounting, real estate accounting). In this case, as mentioned above, cash accounting is governed by accounting regulations, primarily the Accounting Law. Item accounting is governed by the Item Management Law, and real estate accounting is governed by the National Property Law.

[Osamu Tanaka]

[Reference] | Fiscal Year | Financial Law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国の収入・支出に関して規律する一般法(昭和22年法律第35号)。

 大日本帝国憲法(明治憲法)下においては、会計法には収入・支出の手続に関する規定のほかに、予算・決算制度に関する規定が置かれていたが、第二次世界大戦後の日本国憲法下では、収入・支出に関する技術的な規定を定めることとし、財政処理に関する基本原則、予算・決算制度のあり方については、新たに財政法を制定して、統一的に定めることとした。このように、第二次世界大戦後の会計法は、国の現金会計に関する技術的・手続的規定というべき性格をもっている。

 会計法は8章50条からなるが、まず総則規定として、収支統一の原則を掲げる(2条)。この原則は、歳入・歳出の混交を禁じるもので、歳入はかならず国庫に納付して統合し、歳出はかならず歳出予算から支出されねばならない、とする。現金会計のもう一つの重要な原則は、会計年度独立の原則である。この原則は、財政法第12条および第42条本文の定めるところで、旧会計法とは異なり、現行の会計法においてはその旨が明示されていないが、会計年度を設ける以上、この原則は当然に妥当する、と考えられている。

 さらに会計法は、収入、支出負担行為および支出、契約、時効、国庫金および有価証券、出納官吏などに関する規定を置いている。また、会計法を具体的に施行するための政令として、「予算決算及び会計令」、「予算決算及び会計令臨時特例」などがある。

 会計法に定める規定の多くは、国の内部において、会計に関する手続の適正さを確保することを直接の目的とする。その意味では、会計法は、基本的に国の内部の会計機関に対する訓令的な法規といってよい。ただ、時効に関する規定(30条以下)など、国と第三者との間の法律関係を直接規制する規定も一部にあるので、注意を要する。

 なお、会計の概念は多義的であって、会計の対象による区分(現金会計、物品会計、不動産会計)に応じて、会計法を広くとらえることがある。この場合、現金会計については、前述したとおり、会計法を中心とする会計法規の規律するところである。物品会計については、物品管理法などが、不動産会計については、国有財産法などが、それぞれ規律することとなる。

[田中 治]

[参照項目] | 会計年度 | 財政法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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