External standard taxation - external standard taxation

Japanese: 外形標準課税 - がいけいひょうじゅんかぜい
External standard taxation - external standard taxation

Taxation is based on a tax base that is relatively easy to grasp from the outside, which allows the taxpayer's tax-paying capacity to be indirectly estimated. In Japan, this is often an issue when determining the tax base of the enterprise tax, which is one of the local taxes. The current enterprise tax is based on income and liquidation income as a rule, but these are considered to be indicators that directly represent the taxpayer's tax-paying capacity, and are derived through complex accounting and calculations. As an exception, the current enterprise tax also adopts the external standard of income amount for electricity supply, gas supply, life insurance, and non-life insurance businesses. In addition, for the tax base of businesses conducted by corporations or individuals other than the above-mentioned industries, depending on the business situation, the external standard may be the amount of capital, sales amount, floor area or price of the building, land area or price, number of employees, etc., rather than income and liquidation income, or the income and liquidation income may be used together with these external standards.

In the Shoup Recommendations made in 1949, it was envisaged that the enterprise tax should be based on the external standard of taxation, with added value as the tax base, but this was not realized. In recent years, some prefectures, which are suffering from a lack of financial resources, have been strongly calling for a shift from the current income tax system to a tax system based on the external standard of added value. In the tax reform of fiscal year 2003, it was decided to introduce external standard taxation for the enterprise tax on corporations with capital of over 100 million yen (to be implemented from fiscal year 2004). Prior to this, in 2000, Tokyo and Osaka prefectures each enacted ordinances to introduce external standard taxation for banks and other businesses with capital of over 5 trillion yen, but this was a temporary measure with a period of five years. Tokyo introduced the tax system from the fiscal year 2000, but in October 2000, the banks that were the targets of the tax system filed a lawsuit against the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government lost both the first and second trials. In September 2003, Tokyo Metropolitan Government presented a proposed revision that would have lowered the tax rate and set the tax period at four years (2000-2003 business years), and reached a settlement with the banks in October. The difference between the tax amount at the pre-revision tax rate and the tax amount at the pre-revision tax rate, plus a refund surcharge, was to be returned to the banks. Osaka Prefecture was also sued by the banks in April 2002, and announced in May that it would postpone the introduction of the ordinance.

[Masatoshi Hayashi]

[Reference] | Tax Base | Shoup Recommendations | Corporate Tax

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

納税者の担税力を間接的に推測することを可能とする、外部からみて比較的容易に把握できる課税標準に基づいてなされる課税。わが国では、地方税の一つである事業税の課税標準を求める際に問題とされることが多い。現行の事業税は、原則として所得および清算所得を課税標準としているが、これらは直接的に納税者の担税力を表す指標であると考えられており、かつ複雑な計理・計算によって導出されるものである。現行の事業税においても例外として電気供給業、ガス供給業、生命保険事業、損害保険事業に対しては収入金額という外形標準が採用されている。また、上記の業種以外の法人または個人の行う事業に対する課税標準についても、事業の状況に応じ、所得および清算所得によらないで、資本金額、売上金額、家屋の床面積もしくは価格、土地の地積もしくは価格、従業員数などを外形標準とし、または所得および清算所得とこれらの外形標準とをあわせて用いることができることになっている。

 1949年(昭和24)に行われたシャウプ勧告においては、事業税が付加価値を課税標準とする外形標準課税の形態をとるように構想されていたが、実現には至らなかった。なお近年、財源難に悩む都道府県の一部より、現行の所得課税方式から、付加価値という外形標準に対する課税方式への移行の要望が強く出されている。2003年度(平成15)税制改正において、資本金が1億円を超える法人を対象に、法人事業税への外形標準課税の導入が決定した(実施は2004年度から)。これより以前の2000年に東京都、大阪府がそれぞれ資金量5兆円以上の銀行業等への外形標準課税導入の条例を成立させているが、これは期間を5年とする時限措置である。東京都は2000年事業年度より導入したが、2000年10月、対象となる銀行に提訴され、一審、二審ともに敗訴した。2003年9月、東京都は、税率を引下げ、課税期間を4年間(2000~2003年事業年度)とするなどの改正案を提示し、10月銀行側と和解した。改正前の税率による税との差額は還付加算金を加えて銀行側に返還することとなった。大阪府もまた2002年4月銀行に提訴され、5月には条例導入の見送りを表明している。

[林 正寿]

[参照項目] | 課税標準 | シャウプ勧告 | 法人税

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Accounting Law - Kaikeiho

>>:  Accounting books - kaikeichobo

Recommend

Gastrectomy - Isetsujo

Removal of part or all of the stomach through sur...

Asthenopia (Eye strain)

What is the disease? Continuous use of the eyes, ...

Hepialidae

…General term for insects belonging to the family...

Sticky notes - Fusen

Paper to be affixed to books and documents as a ma...

Fatigue failure

A phenomenon in which, when a material is repeated...

Marburg Conference - Marburg Staircase (English name) Colloquy of Marburg

Philip von Hesse, who aimed to form a Protestant u...

Alto Perú (English spelling)

…The Inca Empire was conquered by the Spanish arm...

Fujiwara no Mototaka

Year of death: 19th March 1132 (6th April 1132) Ye...

Inahiko Hashimoto

Year of death: 15th June 1809 (27th July 1809) Yea...

Pittakos (English spelling)

A politician from Mytilene, on the island of Lesbo...

Unit One

...The Camden Town Group was dissolved in 1913 an...

Nycteribia parvulla (English spelling) Nycteribia parvulla

…About 200 species of spider flies are known from...

Acquired character

Also called acquired genetic traits. The opposite ...

Clematis lanuginosa (English spelling)Clematislanuginosa

…[Yutarou Nishibe]. … *Some of the terminology th...

Kochiyaki

Sancai pottery from the late Ming Dynasty, fired ...