Shipping industry - Kaiungyo (English spelling) shipping industry

Japanese: 海運業 - かいうんぎょう（英語表記）shipping industry

An industry in charge of marine transport of cargo and passengers. According to statistics from Lloyd's Register, the total world merchant shipping tonnage at the end of June 1991 was about 436 million gross tons, with Japan ranking third after Liberia and Panama. However, the ratio of cargo tonnage based on Japanese ships was low at 6.9% for exports and 28.6% for imports, and the shipping-related balance of payments was in the red by nearly $5.3 billion (IMF basis). This led to a demand for an expansion of the shipping tonnage, but in the 1970s, the cost of seafarers gradually became higher than in other countries, and the excess of shipping tonnage caused by the oil crisis led to a tendency to rely on low-cost foreign chartered ships rather than new domestic ships. The change in the world shipping market after World War II was characterized by the increased demand for bulk carriers, which corresponded to the increased demand for bulk carriers, as the transportation of large quantities of raw materials such as oil and iron ore became more active. Japan's shipping industry, which suffered a devastating blow during the war, struggled to recover navigation rights while also trying to rebuild through planned shipbuilding using government funds, but its weak international competitiveness caused the industry to suffer from a deterioration in business. As a drastic measure, the shipping industry was consolidated (organized into six groups) in 1964 and the government implemented subsidy measures. After that, with the expansion of world trade volume, and especially the rapid growth of Japan's trade volume against the backdrop of high economic growth, each company quickly recovered, but the impact of the decrease in cargo movement caused by the oil crisis in 1973 was particularly great for the tanker and bulk carrier divisions, and Japan's shipping industry experienced its deepest postwar recession, leading to the rationalization of companies. In order to maintain its international competitiveness in the international shipping market, Japan's shipping industry thoroughly rationalized its business and reduced the number of domestic ships, increasing the number of foreign ships chartered at lower costs.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

貨物および旅客の海上輸送を担当する産業。ロイド船級協会の統計によれば，1991年6月末の世界の総商船船腹量は約4億 3600万総tで，日本はリベリア，パナマに次いで世界第3位。ただし積取比率は日本船ベースで輸出 6.9%，輸入 28.6%と低く，海運関係国際収支も 53億ドル近い赤字 (IMFベース) 。このため船腹拡充が要請されるが，70年代に入って，次第に外国と比べ船員費が割高となったためと石油危機による船腹過剰によって国内新造船によるよりも低コストの外国傭船に依存する傾向が生れた。第2次世界大戦後の世界海運市場の変化の特徴は，石油，鉄鉱石などの原材料の大量輸送が活発になり，これに対応してばら積専用船の需要が急増したことである。大戦で壊滅的な打撃を受けた日本の海運業は，航権の回復に苦心するかたわら，財政資金の投入による計画造船で再建をはかったが，国際競争力が弱いので経営悪化に悩まされた。この抜本策として 64年海運業の集約化 (6グループの編成) と政府の助成措置がとられた。その後，世界貿易量の拡大，ことに高度経済成長を背景とする日本の貿易量の急伸長とともに各社は急速に立直ったが，73年の石油危機による荷動き減少の打撃は，特にタンカー，バルカー部門に大きく，日本の海運業も戦後最大の不況に遭遇，企業合理化が進められた。国際海運市場において国際競争力を維持していくため，日本の海運業界は徹底した事業の合理化を進めるとともに自国船を削減して経費の安い外国傭船を増加させている。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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