Shahid (English spelling)

Japanese: shahīd(英語表記)shahid
Shahid (English spelling)

...Jihad is also a collective obligation, and participation can take various forms, such as direct combatant participation, donation of money, provision of horses, etc., but the sovereign can make jihad an obligation for individual Muslims by obtaining a fatwa (opinion) from the mufti if necessary. Those who die in jihad are guaranteed heaven as martyrs (shahid). In ideal Islamic law, idolaters and polytheists among non-believers are subject to jihad until they convert, but followers of the one creator God (people of the book) such as Christians and Jews are guaranteed the maintenance of their faith if they are satisfied that they are politically under the protection of Muslims. ...

From "War"

…The people of Mecca, with whom Muhammad fought, and the Byzantine emperor, with whom the caliphs fought, were all residents of a world of war, and rulers of that world. Jihad was considered an important duty for Muslims and for the entire society, and those who died in jihad were promised heaven as martyrs (shahids). There is a delicate debate in legal theory about the attitude that ordinary Muslims should take toward rulers within the Islamic world who are considered unrighteous, but there is a strong view that fighting against unrighteous rulers is also considered jihad.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "shahid" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…ジハードも総体として課せられた義務で,直接戦闘員としての参加だけでなく,浄財の寄付,馬の提供など,さまざまな形での参加があるが,君主は必要の場合にはムフティーのファトワー(意見書)を得て,ジハードを個々のイスラム教徒に課せられた義務とすることができる。ジハードでの戦死者は殉教者(シャヒードshahīd)として天国が約束されている。 理念的なイスラム法では,異教徒の中で偶像崇拝者や多神教徒は彼らが改宗するまでジハードの対象であるが,キリスト教やユダヤ教などの唯一創造神の信徒(啓典の民)は,政治的にムスリムの保護下にあることに満足すれば,信仰の保持は保障される。…

【戦争】より

…ムハンマドが相手をしたメッカの住民も,カリフたちが相手をしたビザンティン帝国の皇帝などもみな戦争世界の住民であり,またその支配者であった。ジハードはイスラム教徒の,またその社会全体の重要な義務とされ,ジハードでの戦死者は殉教者(シャヒードshahīd)として天国が約束された。 不義とみなされたイスラム世界内部の支配者に対する一般のイスラム教徒のとるべき態度については,微妙な議論が法理論のうえで展開されているが,不義の支配者に対する戦いもジハードとみなす考えも強い。…

※「shahīd」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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