shāhid (English spelling) shahid

Japanese: shāhid（英語表記）shahid

…The vast amount of notarial documents remaining throughout Europe are valuable historical materials for the study of socio-economic history.
[Islamic Society]
In Islamic law, the number of witnesses (shahids) who testified before the judge (qadi) for the parties in a dispute was determined by the type of case. However, as the number of cases increased, it became increasingly difficult to check the impartiality of the witnesses, and from the end of the 8th century onwards, judges began to employ assistants to check this.

From the trial:

…Its powers are limited in the type of case and in the area of jurisdiction, depending on the rank of the court. Other factors to be taken into account are the residence of the plaintiff and his witnesses (shahid). The action is brought in the court near the residence of the plaintiff and witnesses, even if the residence of the defendant or the subject of the action is elsewhere. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "shāhid" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…なお，ヨーロッパ各地に残る膨大な公証人文書は社会経済史研究の貴重な史料となっている。ローマ法の継受【清水広一郎】
［イスラム社会］
　イスラム法では，裁判官(カーディー)の前で係争当事者のために証言をする証人(シャーヒドshāhid)の数が，事件の種類によって定められていた。しかし裁判件数の増大につれて，証人の公正さを調べることがしだいに困難となり，やがて8世紀末以降の裁判官はこれを調査するための助手を採用するにいたった。…