This refers to the allotrope gamma iron, which is stable in the temperature range of 911 to 1392°C, and its solid solutions. The crystal is face-centered cubic, soft, and tough. Depending on the type of alloying element in steel, some expand the composition and temperature range in which austenite is formed, while others narrow it. The former are called austenite-forming elements, and the latter ferrite-forming elements (→ Steel phase diagram). Carbon, nitrogen, nickel, and manganese are typical of the former. Carbon steel is stable above the A1 transformation point of 727°C (→ Steel transformation), and has an austenite region with up to 2.14% carbon at 1147°C. This austenite becomes ferrite and pearlite when slowly cooled, and hard martensite when rapidly cooled. In steels whose martensite-forming temperature is near room temperature, austenite may remain after rapid cooling, and this is called retained austenite. To convert this to martensite, deep-cooling, tempering, cold working, etc. are performed. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
純鉄で 911~1392℃の温度範囲で安定な鉄の同素体γ鉄,およびその固溶体をいう。結晶は面心立方晶で軟らかく,粘い。鋼の合金元素の種類により,オーステナイトをつくる組成と温度の領域を広げるものとせばめるものとがあり,前者をオーステナイト生成元素,後者をフェライト生成元素という (→鉄鋼の状態図 ) 。炭素,窒素,ニッケル,マンガンは前者の代表的元素である。炭素鋼では 727℃の A1 変態点 (→鉄鋼の変態 ) 以上で安定で,1147℃で炭素 2.14%までのオーステナイト領域をもっている。このオーステナイトは徐冷するとフェライト,パーライトに,急冷すると硬いマルテンサイトになる。マルテンサイト化温度が常温付近にある鋼では,急冷によってオーステナイトが残ることがあり,これを残留オーステナイトという。これをマルテン化するには深冷処理,焼戻し,冷間加工などを行う。
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