Austin, John

Japanese: オースティン（英語表記）Austin， John

Born: March 3, 1790, Cretin Mill, Suffolk
[Died] December 1859, Weybridge, Surrey. British jurist. He served in the military for five years from the age of 16, but qualified as a barrister in 1818 and began practicing law. He then became professor of legal philosophy at the newly established University of London in 1826, and studied German common law methods for two years. After returning to England, under his influence, he rigorously analyzed various legal concepts, established analytical jurisprudence, criticized natural law theory, clearly distinguished between law and morality, and defined law as the command of the sovereign accompanied by sanctions. His analytical method was not appreciated in the British legal world at the time, and his influence on posterity was largely due to the posthumous publication of his wife Salah's books. His books include Lectures on Jurisprudence (1869).

Austin
Austin

The capital of Texas, USA. It is located in the central-southern part of the state, where the Colorado River cuts through the Balcones and enters the plains. The first settlers were in 1835. It became the capital of the Republic of Texas in 1839, and when it became a state in the United States in 1849, it became the state capital. It developed with the opening of the railroad in 1871, the development of Colorado River hydroelectric power in the early 20th century, and various military industries. It is home to the University of Texas (founded in 1881), the sculptor Elisabeth Nye Museum, O. Henry's former residence (museum), and the city's symphony orchestra. The state capitol is the second largest in size after the Capitol Building in Washington DC. In the 1980s, computer-related companies, offices, and various research institutes moved into the city, and in the 1990s it came into the spotlight as a world-leading technology industrial region, and the economy and employment are expanding. Population: 790,390 (2010).

Austin
Austen, Jane

Born 16 December 1775 at Steventon, Hampshire
[Died] July 18, 1817. Winchester. British female writer. From the standpoint of an observer of life, she wrote in a calm and dispassionate style, meticulously depicting the nuances of human affairs in small rural communities. Her favorite subjects were love affairs and marriage proposals between young men and women, and although her novels lacked philosophical depth, her vivid and accurate character descriptions and skillful structure make her among the best in British novels. Her works include Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (13), Mansfield Park (14), Emma (15), Northanger Abbey (18), and Persuasion (18).

Austin
Austin, Alfred

Born: 30 May 1835, Leeds
[died] June 2, 1913. Ashford, Kent. British poet, critic and journalist. He started out as a barrister, then became interested in foreign affairs, and served as a correspondent for the London Standard during the Vatican Council (1870) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). He joined the editorial staff of the National Review when it was first published in 1883, and served as its editor-in-chief for eight years from 1887. He published twenty volumes of poetry between 1871 and 1908. His prose work, The Garden that I Love (94), was widely read. He was named Poet Laureate in 1896.

Austin
Austin, Mary

Born: September 9, 1868 in Illinois
[Died] August 13, 1934. Born in Santa Fe. American female writer, essayist, and playwright. Maiden name Hunter. She gained fame for her collection of sketches, The Land of Little Rain (1903). She also published 32 books, including the play The Arrow Maker (11), and The American Rhythm (23), a study of North American Indian songs, and about 200 articles.

Austin
Austin

A city in southeastern Minnesota, USA. Located on the Cedar River, it is the center of the corn belt and livestock region, and has a thriving food processing industry, including meatpacking. An agricultural exposition is held here every year. Population 21,907 (1990).

Austin
Austin, John Langshaw

[Born] 1911
[Died] 1960
British philosopher. Analytical philosopher belonging to the Ordinary Language School (Oxford School). His main work is "How to Do Things with Words" (1962).

Austin
Austin, Stephen Fuller

Born: November 3, 1793, Virginia
[Died] December 27, 1836.
Founder of the American state of Texas. He organized immigration from the United States in the 1820s when the state was part of Mexico.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1790.3.3. サフォーク，クレーティンミル
[没]1859.12. サリー，ウェイブリッジ
イギリスの法学者。 16歳のときから5年間軍隊生活をおくったが，1818年に弁護士の資格を取り，法律実務に従事した。次いで 26年に新設されたロンドン大学の法哲学講座担当教授となり，2年間ドイツに留学してドイツ普通法学の方法を学んだ。帰国後，その影響のもとでさまざまな法概念を厳密に分析し，分析法学を樹立，自然法論を批判して，法と道徳との区別を明確にし，法を制裁を伴った主権者の命令であると定義した。彼の分析的方法は当時のイギリスの法学界では評価されず，後世に残した影響力は妻サラーによる彼の死後の著書出版によるところが大きい。著書『法理学講義』 Lectures on Jurisprudence (1869) など。

オースティン
Austin

アメリカ合衆国，テキサス州の州都。州の中南部，コロラド川がバルコーンズ急崖を切って平野に出るところに位置する。 1835年に最初の移住が行われた。 39年テキサス共和国の首都となり，49年合衆国の州となったとき，その州都となった。 71年の鉄道の開通，20世紀初めのコロラド川水力発電の開発などにより発展し，種々の軍需工業なども立地。テキサス大学 (1881創立) があり，彫刻家のエリザベット・ナイの博物館，O.ヘンリーの旧居 (博物館) も残されており，市立の交響楽団がある。州庁舎は，ワシントン D.C.の国会議事堂に次ぐ大きさ。 1980年代にはコンピュータ関連企業や事業所，各研究機関が進出し，90年代になると世界の先端技術産業地域として脚光を浴び，経済と雇用の拡大が進んでいる。人口 79万390（2010）。

オースティン
Austen， Jane

[生]1775.12.16. ハンプシャー，スティーブントン
[没]1817.7.18. ウィンチェスター
イギリスの女流作家。人生の傍観者といった立場で，冷静で淡々とした筆致をもって田舎の小社会の人事の機微をこまやかに描いた。若い男女の恋愛や縁談を好んで題材としており，思想的な深みには欠けるが，その鮮明で的確な性格描写，構成の巧みさはイギリス小説中屈指のもの。作品に『分別と多感』 Sense and Sensibility (1811) ，『自負と偏見』 Pride and Prejudice (13) ，『マンスフィールド邸園』 Mansfield Park (14) ，『エマ』 Emma (15) ，『ノーサンガー寺院』 Northanger Abbey (18) ，『説得』 Persuasion (18) 。

オースティン
Austin， Alfred

[生]1835.5.30. リーズ
[没]1913.6.2. ケント，アッシュフォード
イギリスの詩人，評論家，ジャーナリスト。法廷弁護士として出発，やがて外交問題に関心をもち，バチカン公会議 (1870) ，普仏戦争 (70～71) では，『ロンドン・スタンダード』紙の特派員となった。 1883年『ナショナル・レビュー』誌の発刊と同時に編集に参画，87年以後8年間主筆。 71～1908年に 20冊の詩集を出版した。散文作品『愛するわが庭園』 The Garden that I Love (94) は広く読まれた。 1896年桂冠詩人となった。

オースティン
Austin， Mary

[生]1868.9.9. イリノイ
[没]1934.8.13. サンタフェ
アメリカの女流作家，随筆家，劇作家。旧姓 Hunter。スケッチ集『雨の降らぬ地』 The Land of Little Rain (1903) で名声を博した。ほかに，戯曲『矢をつくる者』 The Arrow Maker (11) ，北アメリカ先住民族 (インディアン) の歌の研究『アメリカのリズム』 The American Rhythm (23) など 32冊の著書と約 200編の論文を出版した。