A white powder used for face and skin makeup. Originally meaning something white, the name is based on the polite form "goshiroi". There are three types: ko-shiroi, mizu-shiroi, and kneaded shiroi. Ko-shiroi is convenient but easily comes off, mizu-shiroi is for light makeup, and kneaded shiroi is for heavy makeup. The names kneaded shiroi, brushed shiroi, and kami-shiroi are all applications of the above three types. The raw materials are mineral and vegetable matter. Mineral matter includes lead carbonate (lead white), zinc oxide (zinc oxide), zinc sulfide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, talc, and china clay, while vegetable matter includes wheat flour, rice flour, and kudzu starch. Until the Meiji period, Kyoto shiroi (called hauni, etc.), made from white lead, and Ise shiroi (called haraya, etc.), made from mercury, were used in Japan, but production was discontinued due to the risk of lead poisoning. The use of face powder was already seen in the West in ancient Egypt, and in Greece and Rome, which followed suit, face powder was an important cosmetic material on a par with rouge. In China, there are records of the production of face powder by baking lead and tin as early as the Shang Dynasty (15th century BCE). In Japan, face powder made from white lead, based on Tang Dynasty cosmetic techniques, was used from the Nara period onwards, and is said to have been created by the monk Kanjo at the end of the 7th century. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
顔や肌の化粧に用いる白い粉末。元来白いものの意で,その丁寧語「御白い」に基づく。粉白粉,水白粉,練り白粉の3種があり,粉白粉は便利であるが化粧くずれしやすく,水白粉は薄化粧に,また練り白粉は厚化粧に適しているとされている。固練り白粉,刷 (はけ) 白粉,紙白粉などの呼称も,いずれも前記3種の応用といえる。また原料には鉱物質と植物質があり,鉱物質には炭酸鉛 (鉛白) ,酸化亜鉛 (亜鉛華) ,硫化亜鉛,酸化錫,酸化チタニウム,滑石,陶土などがあり,植物質には麦粉,米粉,葛粉などがある。日本でも明治までは鉛白を原料とした京白粉 (ハウニなどと呼んだ) や水銀を原料とした伊勢白粉 (ハラヤなどと呼んだ) などが用いられたが,鉛中毒にかかるおそれがあるところから製造されなくなった。白粉の使用は西洋ではすでに古代エジプトにみられ,それを継承したギリシアやローマでも,白粉は紅と並ぶ重要な化粧料であった。中国でもすでに殷代 (前 15世紀) には鉛錫を焼いて白粉とした記録がある。日本でも,唐の化粧法によった鉛白の白粉が奈良時代から使われたが,7世紀末に僧観成によってつくられたとされている。
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