When an atom is bombarded with electron or X-rays to create a hole in its inner shell, an outer electron can fall into the hole and use the excess energy to release another outer electron from the atom. This phenomenon was discovered independently in the early 1920s by French physicist Pierre Victor Auger (1899-1993) and Austrian physicist Ludwig van Meitner, and is called the Auger effect or Auger transition after the former, who observed and explained the phenomenon from the standpoint of atomic physics. Another process in which an outer electron fills a hole in an inner shell can radiate the excess energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, known as characteristic X-ray radiation. In general, the probability of characteristic X-ray radiation is higher for elements with higher atomic numbers than for the Auger effect, but the probability of the Auger effect is higher for elements with lower atomic numbers. The types of Auger effect are written by juxtaposing the shell symbols of the initial hole and the two final holes. For example, if a hole is initially formed in the K shell, and after the Auger transition, holes remain in the L1 and L2 shells, this is called the KL1L2 Auger process. The electrons emitted by the Auger effect are called Auger electrons, and their kinetic energy has a constant value determined by the difference in energy between the initial and final states. The energy spectrum of Auger electrons emitted by electron impact is largely determined by the type of element, so it is also used as a means of elemental analysis. The analytical method using this method is called Auger electron spectroscopy, and is widely used in elemental analysis of metal material surfaces, along with characteristic X-ray analysis. By the way, Auger continued the resistance movement against the occupation of his native France by Nazi Germany during World War II, and is also known as a leader in scientific administration who made a leading contribution to the establishment of CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (1954) after the war. [Hiroshi Suzuki and Nobuyuki Nakamura, March 19, 2015] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電子線やX線を当てることによって原子の内殻に孔(あな)をつくると、外殻の電子がそこへ落ち込んで、余ったエネルギーを使ってもう1個の外殻電子を原子から放出させることがある。この現象は1920年代初頭にフランスの物理学者オージェPierre Victor Auger(1899―1993)およびオーストリア出身の物理学者L・マイトナーによってそれぞれ独立に発見されたが、原子物理学的な見地から現象を観測、説明した前者にちなんでオージェ効果、オージェ遷移などとよばれる。内殻にできた孔を外殻の電子が埋める過程としては、このほか、余ったエネルギーを電磁波の形で放射する現象があり、特性(固有)X線放射とよばれる。一般に原子番号の大きい元素では、特性X線放射のおこる確率のほうがオージェ効果のおこる確率より大きいが、原子番号の小さい元素では、オージェ効果のおこる確率のほうが大きい。 オージェ効果の種類は、始めの孔の殻記号と終わりに生ずる2個の孔の殻記号を並べて書き表す。たとえば、始めK殻に孔ができ、オージェ遷移ののちL1殻とL2殻に孔のある状態が残ったとすると、これをKL1L2オージェ過程とよぶ。オージェ効果により放出される電子はオージェ電子とよばれ、この運動エネルギーは、始状態と終状態のエネルギーの差により決まる一定の値をもつ。電子衝撃によるオージェ電子のエネルギースペクトルは元素の種類によりほぼ定まるので、元素分析の手段としても応用されている。この手段を用いた分析法をオージェ電子分光法といい、特性X線分析法と並んで金属材料表面の元素分析に広く応用されている。 ちなみに、オージェは第二次世界大戦中ナチス・ドイツによる祖国フランスの占領に対する抵抗運動を続け、大戦後CERN(セルン)(ヨーロッパ原子核研究機構)の創設(1954)に指導的な貢献をした科学行政の指導者としても知られている。 [鈴木 洋・中村信行 2015年3月19日] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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