…It denotes a family, but in many cases it also refers to family property, as is the case when referring to debts for the house. Kutumbin, meaning head of the household, came to refer to farmers after the Gupta period. In Hindi parivār is the usual word for family, but in Sanskrit it means attendant or servant, and there is no example of it being used for family. … From the Gupta Dynasty…But with the decline of the empire, the cities that had flourished since the 6th and 5th centuries BCE fell into disuse, and the merchants and guilds changed. In the villages, the landowning class, called kuṭumbin (heads of households), formed the core, with many artisans and farmhands. At the bottom were the slaves, and the outcasts, called chandaras, suffered severe discrimination in social life and occupation. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "kuṭumbin" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…それは家族を表すが,家のための債務という場合,つねにこの語が用いられるように,家族財産を背後に含む用例が多い。家長を意味するクトゥンビンkuṭumbinはグプタ時代以後には農民をさすようになった。ヒンディー語ではパリバールparivārが家族を表すふつうのことばであるが,それはサンスクリットでは従者,使用人を意味し,家族の用例はない。… 【グプタ朝】より…だが帝国の衰退と同時に,前6・前5世紀以来栄えてきた都市は衰微し,商人たちもギルドも変質した。村落では,クトゥンビンkuṭumbin(家長の意)と呼ばれた土地所有階級が中核となり,職人や雇農も多かった。最下層には奴隷がおり,またチャンダーラと呼ばれた賤民は社会生活や職業のうえでも厳しい差別を受けた。… ※「kuṭumbin」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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