A Mongolian ethnic group found in the Russian Federation's Kalmykia (Kalmykia-Halimug-Tanguchi) Republic, China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, Mongolia, etc. They are also written as Wa'a, Weila't, and A'i'i'a. They are also called Kalmyks (Kalmouk) and Elut (Elut, Elut). They lived in the upper reaches of the Yenisei River in the 13th century and were conquered by Genghis Khan, but in the mid-15th century Esen emerged and temporarily unified all of Mongolia. In the second half of the 16th century, they consisted of the Khoshut, Dzungar, Dorbet, Turgut, Ba'tut, and Khoit tribes, and were called the Dorben Oirats, living in the upper reaches of the Irtysh River, but were defeated by Altan Khan of the Inner Mongolian tribe and temporarily declined. In the first half of the 17th century, the Khushtu tribe ruled over the entire Oirats, and Gushi Khan of the Khushtu tribe advanced into the Qinghai region and conquered Tibet. In the second half of the 17th century, the Dzungar tribe replaced the Khushtu tribe, and Galdan emerged from that tribe and unified the entire Oirats, subjugating East Turkestan and establishing the Dzungar (Semi-Kar) Kingdom. Galdan attempted to invade Outer Mongolia and came into conflict with the Qing, but was defeated and killed in 1697. The kingdom reached its zenith under the successors Tsewang Araptan and Galdan Tseren, who maintained a peaceful relationship with the Qing while attempting to advance into West Turkestan. However, in 1758, the Qing took advantage of the internal conflict within the kingdom and destroyed him. [Hiroshi Wakamatsu] "Russia and the Asian Grasslands" by Toru Saguchi (1966, Yoshikawa Kobunkan) [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシア連邦のカルムイキア(カルムイキア・ハリムグ・タングチ)共和国、中国の新疆(しんきょう/シンチヤン)ウイグル自治区および青海省、モンゴルなどに分布するモンゴル系民族。瓦剌、衛拉特、斡亦剌惕とも書く。またカルムイク(カルムク)、エルート(額魯特、厄魯特)ともよばれる。13世紀にエニセイ川上流域に住み、チンギス・ハンに征服されたが、15世紀中ごろエセンが出て一時全モンゴルを統一した。16世紀後半にはホシュート、ジュンガル、ドルベート、トルグート、バートゥト、ホイトの諸部からなり、ドルベン・オイラートとよばれイルティシ川上流域に住んだが、内モンゴル族のアルタン・ハンに討たれて一時衰えた。17世紀前半にはホシュート部がオイラート全部を支配したほか、ホシュート部のグシ・ハンが青海地方へ進出してチベットをも征服した。17世紀後半にホシュート部にかわってジュンガル部が台頭、その部にガルダンが出てオイラート全部を統一し、東トルキスタンをも従えてジュンガル(準噶爾)王国を築いた。ガルダンは外モンゴル侵略を企てたことから清(しん)と争うようになったが、1697年敗死した。ついで立ったツェワン・アラプタン、ガルダン・ツェレンの代が王国の最盛期で、清とは和平関係を保ちつつ、西トルキスタン進出を図った。しかし1758年、王国の内紛に乗じた清のために滅ぼされた。 [若松 寛] 『佐口透著『ロシアとアジア草原』(1966・吉川弘文館)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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