Swallow Exercise - Enkoushi

Japanese: 燕行使 - えんこうし

A state envoy sent by Korea to Beijing in the Qing Dynasty. From the time of Korea's submission in 1637 until the Gabo Reform in 1894, Korea sent an envoy to the Qing Dynasty every year. When the Qing Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing in 1644, Korean envoys were also sent to Beijing. Since Beijing was called Yenching in Korea, these envoys were generally called Yankees. Incidentally, envoys sent from the Qing Dynasty to Korea were called imperial envoys. In addition to the winter solstice envoy (annual tribute envoy) sent every year, Yankees also sent thank-you envoys, petition envoys, congratulatory envoys, envoys to ask for peace, and others as needed. These envoys were not only ceremonial, as a vassal state of Korea paid tribute to its suzerain state, the Qing Dynasty, but also economically, trade was carried out as the envoys traveled back and forth, and culturally, they were significant in that Korean intellectuals could directly come into contact with the advanced culture of the Qing Dynasty.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

朝鮮が清の北京に派遣した国家使節。1637年に服属してから1894年の甲午改革まで，朝鮮は清に毎年使節を派遣した。1644年に清が北京に遷都すると，朝鮮の使節も北京に派遣された。朝鮮では北京を燕京と呼んだので，この使節を一般に燕行使と称した。ちなみに，清から朝鮮に派遣された使節は勅使という。燕行使は，毎年派遣される冬至使(年貢使)のほかに，必要に応じて謝恩使，奏請使，進賀使，問安使その他があった。これらの使節は，属国の朝鮮が宗主国の清に臣下の礼をとるためという儀礼的なもの以外に，経済的には使節の往復に伴って貿易が行われ，文化的には清の先進文化に朝鮮の知識人が直接触れることができるという意味があった。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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