A compound of hydrogen and chlorine. It is sometimes found naturally in volcanic gases, and in laboratories it is produced by dropping concentrated hydrochloric acid into concentrated sulfuric acid, or by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to sodium chloride and heating it. In industrial applications, hydrogen chloride is produced by a chain reaction when chlorine and hydrogen gas streams are ejected, collided, and ignited. It is a colorless, smoky gas with a pungent odor. It is highly hygroscopic, absorbing moisture in the air to produce hydrochloric acid, which corrodes metals. When cooled, it turns from a colorless liquid to a solid. It dissolves well in water to become hydrochloric acid. Its aqueous solution gives rise to crystals such as monohydrate HCl·H 2 O, dihydrate HCl·2H 2 O, and trihydrate HCl·3H 2 O. It also dissolves well in alcohol, ether, and benzene. Completely dried hydrogen chloride is often inactive, but hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution is highly reactive. In addition to producing hydrochloric acid, the anhydrate is used as a raw material for vinyl chloride and ethylene chloride. Because of its strong hygroscopicity, it is used as a dehydrating agent in organic synthesis and as a condensing agent in non-aqueous solvents. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] [Reference item] | [Supplementary material] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水素と塩素の化合物。天然には火山ガスに含まれることがあり、実験室では濃硫酸に濃塩酸を滴下(てきか)して発生させるか、塩化ナトリウムに濃硫酸を加え熱してつくる。工業的には塩素と水素との気流を噴出、衝突させて点火すると連鎖反応によって塩化水素を生成する。無色で、刺激臭のある発煙性の気体。吸湿性が強く、空気中の水分を吸収して塩酸を生じ、金属を腐食する。冷却すると、無色の液体から固体になる。水によく溶けて塩酸になる。水溶液から一水和物HCl・H2O、二水和物HCl・2H2O、三水和物HCl・3H2Oなどの結晶が得られる。アルコール、エーテル、ベンゼンなどにもよく溶ける。完全に乾いた塩化水素は不活性であることが多いが、水溶液である塩酸は非常に反応性が高い。塩酸の製造のほか、無水和物は塩化ビニルや塩化エチレンの原料となる。吸湿性が強いので、有機合成における脱水剤や非水溶媒中では縮合剤として用いられる。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] [参照項目] | [補完資料] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Mercury chloride - enkasuigin (English spelling) mercury chloride
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