A stream of neutral molecules moving in a straight line through a vacuum in the form of a fine bundle of rays. It is also called a molecular beam. When the constituent particles are single atoms, it is called an atomic beam. A molecular beam is produced by ejecting gas from a small hole or a thin tubular opening in a gas container placed in a vacuum, and passing it through several slits or nozzles. The characteristics of a molecular beam are determined by the relationship between the distance (mean free path) until the gas molecules collide with each other and the size of the opening. A molecular beam produced from a gas whose mean free path is larger than the size of the opening is called a "leaking molecular beam." In a leaking molecular beam, there are no intermolecular collisions when the gas molecules pass through the opening, so the internal state temperature (vibrational and rotational temperatures) and velocity distribution of the molecular beam are the same as those of the gas inside the container. On the other hand, when a high-pressure gas whose mean free path is smaller than the size of the opening is ejected, a supersonic free jet with high intensity and uniform speed and direction is produced. When part of this flow is extracted into a vacuum using a nozzle with a special shape, such as a cone, it becomes a "supersonic molecular beam." In a supersonic molecular beam, the speeds of the gas molecules are uniform due to the multiple intermolecular collisions that occur when the gas molecules pass through an opening, resulting in a narrow velocity distribution. In addition, adiabatic expansion into the vacuum converts part of the internal energy of the molecules into translational kinetic energy, which cools the internal state temperature of the molecules. The history of molecular beams began in 1911 with an experiment by French physicist Louis Dunoyer (1880-1963) in which he demonstrated the straightness of gases using a sodium atomic beam. In 1921, O. Stern and his colleagues conducted an experiment in which a silver atomic beam was passed through an inhomogeneous magnetic field, and discovered the directional quantization of magnetic moments (the fact that one component of angular momentum or magnetic moment takes on discrete values) (Stern-Gerlach experiment). In 1938, I. I. Rabi developed the molecular beam magnetic resonance method, which enabled precise measurement of molecular magnetic moments. In 1954, C. H. Towns and his colleagues developed an ammonia maser (microwave laser) using molecular beams, laying the foundation for lasers. Molecular beam technology was also successfully applied to molecular beam cross-collision experiments to study the basic processes of chemical reactions. For the development of this method and for his kinetic studies of a series of elementary chemical reaction processes, Y. T. Lee was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986, along with D. R. Hirschbach and J. C. Polanyi. Molecular beams are used in a wide range of applications. In the field of basic research, they are used in atomic and molecular collision experiments, molecular spectroscopy, and surface properties, and molecular beam technologies are being developed according to the purpose. For example, molecular beams at temperatures below -270 degrees Celsius can be created by slowing down the molecular beam using a strong electric field, and are used in research on chemical reactions at low temperatures and precision molecular spectroscopy. Meanwhile, in the industrial field, molecular beams with precisely controlled intensity and direction are used in the semiconductor crystal growth method (molecular beam epitaxy). Molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor crystals with different compositions to be stacked by switching between multiple molecular beams, and is therefore widely used in the manufacture of semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes. [Kunihiro Okada June 20, 2017] [References] | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
細い線束となって真空中を直進する中性分子の流れ。分子ビームともいう。構成粒子が単体原子の場合には原子線とよばれる。分子線は、真空中に置かれた気体容器にあけた小さな孔(あな)や細い管状の開口部から気体を噴出させ、いくつかのスリット(すきま)やノズルを通過させることでつくられる。分子線の特性は、気体分子が互いに衝突するまでの距離(平均自由行程)と開口部の大きさとの大小関係によって決まる。開口部の大きさに比べて平均自由行程が大きな気体からつくられる分子線を「もれ出し分子線」とよぶ。もれ出し分子線では、気体分子が開口部を通過するときに分子間衝突がおこらないため、分子線の内部状態温度(振動・回転温度)や速度分布は容器内の気体と同じである。一方、開口部の大きさに比べて平均自由行程が小さな高圧力の気体を噴出させた場合、速度や方向のそろった強度の大きい超音速自由噴流が生じる。この流れの一部を円錐(えんすい)形のような特殊形状のノズルを用いて真空中に取り出したものが「超音速分子線」である。超音速分子線では、気体分子が開口部を通過するときにおこる多数回の分子間衝突によって分子の速度がそろうため、速度分布は狭くなる。また、真空中への断熱膨張により分子の内部エネルギーの一部が並進運動エネルギーに変換されるため、分子の内部状態温度が冷却される。 分子線の歴史は、1911年にフランスの物理学者デュノワイエLouis Dunoyer(1880―1963)によって行われたナトリウム原子線による気体の直進性の証明実験から始まった。1921年、O・シュテルンらは銀原子線を不均一な磁場に通す実験を行い、磁気モーメントの方向量子化(角運動量や磁気モーメントの一成分が、とびとびの値をとること)を発見した(シュテルン‐ゲルラハの実験)。その後1938年、I・I・ラービによって分子線磁気共鳴法が開発され、分子磁気モーメントの精密測定が可能となった。1954年には、分子線を利用したアンモニアメーザー(マイクロ波のレーザー)がC・H・タウンズらによって実現され、レーザーの基礎が築かれた。また、分子線の技術は化学反応の基礎過程を研究する分子線どうしの交差衝突実験にも応用され、成功を収めた。Y・T・リーはこの方法の開発と一連の化学反応素過程の動力学的研究の成果により、D・R・ハーシュバック、J・C・ポランニーとともに1986年のノーベル化学賞を受賞した。 分子線の利用は多岐にわたっている。基礎研究の分野では、原子・分子の衝突実験、分子分光、表面物性の研究に用いられ、目的に応じた分子線技術が開発されている。たとえば、強電場を用いた分子線の減速技術を利用して摂氏マイナス270度以下の分子線がつくられ、低温での化学反応の研究や分子の精密分光研究に応用されている。一方、産業分野では、強度や方向を精密に制御した分子線が半導体の結晶成長法(分子線エピタキシー法)に利用されている。分子線エピタキシー法を用いると、複数の分子線を切り替えて組成の異なる半導体結晶を積層させることができるため、半導体レーザーや発光ダイオードの製造に広く応用されている。 [岡田邦宏 2017年6月20日] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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