Ammonium chloride - ammonium chloride

Japanese: 塩化アンモニウム - えんかあんもにうむ(英語表記)ammonium chloride
Ammonium chloride - ammonium chloride

A typical ammonium salt. Industrially, it is called ammonium chloride.

It is found naturally in volcanic eruptions and hot springs, but in industry it is produced as a by-product in the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash) using the ammonia soda process (ammonium chloride process).

In the laboratory, it is obtained by neutralizing ammonia with hydrochloric acid, or by double decomposition of ammonium sulfate with sodium chloride. It is a colorless crystalline solid with three modifications, α (alpha), β (beta), and γ (gamma), with transition temperatures of 184.3°C and -30.3°C. At high temperatures, the α form, which is stable, has a sodium chloride structure, while the β and γ forms have a cesium chloride structure. When heated, it sublimes into gas and decomposes into hydrogen chloride and ammonia. It has a bitter, pungent taste, is somewhat hygroscopic, and dissolves well in water. Its aqueous solution is almost neutral, but when heated, it becomes acidic as ammonia is separated. It is used in large quantities as a nitrogen fertilizer, but industrially it is used as a surface cleaner (flux) for soldering and plating, as a mixture for dry batteries, and in the preparation of electrolytes. It is also used as an analytical reagent and medicine (expectorant, diuretic).

[Torii Yasuo]

[References] | Ammonium salts [Supplementary materials] | Ammonium chloride (Data Note)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

代表的なアンモニウム塩の一つ。工業的には塩安とよばれる。

 天然には火山噴出物や温泉の中にみいだされるが、工業的には、アンモニアソーダ法(塩安ソーダ法)で炭酸ナトリウム(ソーダ灰)を製造する際の副産物として生産される。

実験室ではアンモニアと塩酸の中和、硫酸アンモニウムと塩化ナトリウムの複分解などで得られる。無色の結晶性固体で、α(アルファ)、β(ベータ)、γ(ガンマ)の3種の変態があり、転移温度は184.3℃、および零下30.3℃である。高温では安定なα形は塩化ナトリウム型構造であるが、βおよびγ形は塩化セシウム型構造である。熱すると昇華して気体となり、塩化水素とアンモニアとに分解する。苦味を帯びた辛味があり、幾分吸湿性で、水によく溶ける。水溶液はほとんど中性であるが、加熱するとアンモニアが分離するので酸性となる。窒素肥料として大量に使用されるが、工業的にははんだづけ、めっきの際の表面清浄剤(フラックス)、乾電池の合剤、電解液の調製などに用いられる。分析試薬、医薬(去痰(きょたん)薬、利尿薬)としての用途もある。

[鳥居泰男]

[参照項目] | アンモニウム塩[補完資料] | 塩化アンモニウム(データノート)

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