Bürger (English spelling) Burger

Japanese: Bürger(英語表記)Burger
Bürger (English spelling) Burger

...In Japanese history and social science, this term is usually used as a translation of civil society, bürgerliche Gesellschaft (German), société civile, société bourgeoise (both French), etc. Along with "bourgeois class," "civil revolution," "civil law," and "civil liberties," it was devised to recognize and indicate the characteristics of modern European society, and is one of the concepts that became particularly influential after World War II.

From [City]

...The city law proclaimed the principle of Stadtluft macht frei (city freedom), which stated that anyone could become free after living in a city for one full year, regardless of their previous history.
[Citizenship and Civic Consciousness]
The process by which medieval cities established this kind of autonomy and became communities whose members were a completely new social class called "citizens" varied from region to region and from time to time, but the initial trigger was anti-feudal or anti-lord riots in cities along the Rhine and in Lombardy in northern Italy, where bishops and archbishops were city lords, and the initiative for this movement was mainly taken by associations of distant merchants north of the Alps. As mentioned above, distant merchants had already appeared in various places in the second half of the 10th century and began to operate in an organized manner, creating special settlement areas called Wiks in advantageous locations near burgs and churches under the protection of feudal lords.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Bürger" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…日本の歴史学や社会科学において,通常,civil society,bürgerliche Gesellschaft(ドイツ語),société civile,société bourgeoise(ともにフランス語)などの訳語として使われている用語。〈市民階級〉〈市民革命〉〈市民法〉〈市民的自由〉などとともに,近代のヨーロッパ社会の特質を認識し指示するために考案され,第2次大戦後,とくに有力になった概念の一つである。…

【都市】より

…都市法の規定では,その前身のいかんを問わず,都市に在住して満1ヵ年を経過すれば自由となれるという,いわゆる市風自由Stadtluft macht freiの原則がうたわれていた。
[市民身分と市民意識]
 中世都市がこのような自治を確立し,〈市民(ビュルガーBürger,シティズンcitizen)〉というまったく新しい社会階層を構成メンバーとする共同体となる経緯は,地域により時代によってまちまちであるが,その最初のきっかけをなしたのは,司教,大司教を都市領主とするライン川沿岸ならびに北イタリアのロンバルディア諸都市における反封建的または反領主的な暴動であり,その運動のイニシアティブをとったのは,アルプス以北にあってはもっぱら遠隔地商人の団体であった。遠隔地商人は前述のようにすでに10世紀の後半から各地に現れて組織的な活動を始め,封建領主の保護下に,ブルクや教会の近傍にある地の利を得たところにウィクWikと呼ばれる特殊な定住区をつくり出していた。…

※「Bürger」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

<<:  Bürger, W. (English spelling) BurgerW

>>:  Buret' (English spelling)

Recommend

Nobuyoshi Watarai

A Shinto scholar from the mid-Edo period. Also kn...

Bento - bento

Portable meals. In the olden days, it was called ...

Shadow quality

…The material principle is composed of three elem...

Repentance - Confession

Originally a Buddhist term, it is pronounced &quo...

Ceramic pillow - Tochin

A ceramic pillow. It is also called a porcelain p...

Connecting

...There are also offerings targeted at a small n...

Schelde (river)

A river originating in the plateau near Saint-Quen...

籀文 - Chubun

〘Noun〙 A style of Chinese writing. It is said to h...

Oketo - Oketo

〘Noun〙① Another name for "Okegawado (Barrel-s...

Uku Island

An island in the north of the Goto Islands in wes...

Family Court Investigator Training Institute

...In addition, a judges' conference is estab...

Gerhard Domagk

German biochemist. He was studying medicine at th...

Season - Kisetsu (English spelling) season

When a year is divided into regular astronomical ...