benthos

Japanese: benthos
benthos

...Some marine organisms, such as the flowering plant eelgrass and the mammals whales and seals, are groups that evolved on land but then adapted to live in the sea again.
[Marine Ecology]
Marine life forms are broadly divided into three categories: plankton (planktonic organisms), benthos (bottom-dwelling organisms), and nekton (swimming organisms). Plankton are organisms that live suspended in seawater and do not move by themselves, while nekton are organisms that have strong swimming abilities and live in the water, including fish, squid, octopus, shrimp, and aquatic mammals.

From [Undersea]

...By examining these, it was found that the deep sea floor older than 200 million years has the same crustal structure and chemical composition as the present deep sea floor. [Kazuo Kobayashi]
[Creatures on the ocean floor]
Organisms that live mainly on the ocean floor are called benthos. Benthos includes many animal groups, such as crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, and polychaete worms.

From [Lifestyle]

...there is a classification of life forms based on the ability of organisms to swim. The most commonly used life forms for aquatic organisms are plankton (planktonic organisms), nekton (swimming organisms), and benthos (bottom-dwelling organisms). As the names suggest, this is a classification of life forms based on the organisms' swimming ability.

From [Plankton]

...It is defined as a community of organisms that have no or very little mobility of their own, do not move against the movement of the water, and live floating in the water. When classifying aquatic communities ecologically, the term is used in contrast to nekton (swimming organisms) that swim freely in the water and benthos (bottom-dwelling organisms) that live in contact with the seafloor. Most plankton are small organisms measuring a few micrometers to a few centimeters in size, and many of them are so tiny that their existence, let alone their body structure, can only be confirmed using a microscope. However, the Nomura's jellyfish, which has an umbrella diameter of over 1 meter, is also considered to be plankton.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "benthos" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…海の生物の中には,顕花植物のアマモや,哺乳類のクジラ,アザラシ類などのように,陸上で進化したグループが,再び海に生活の場を求めて適応進化したものもいる。
[海の生態学]
 海の生物の生活型は,大きくプランクトンplankton(浮遊生物),ベントスbenthos(底生生物),ネクトンnekton(遊泳生物)の三つに区別される。プランクトンは,海水中に浮遊して生活し,自らの能力で移動しないものを指し,ネクトンは,強い遊泳能力をもって水中で生活するもので魚類や,イカ・タコの類,エビ類,それに水生哺乳類などが含まれる。…

【海底】より

…それらを調べると2億年よりも古い深海底も,現在の深海底と地殻構造や化学成分にはまったくちがいはなかったことがわかる。【小林 和男】
[海底の生物]
 海底を中心に生活する生物を底生生物(ベントスbenthos)という。ベントスは甲殻類,棘皮(きよくひ)動物,軟体動物,多毛環虫類など多くの動物群を含んでいる。…

【生活型】より

…ろ過食者ともいう)という類型がある。 生活型として最もよく使われるのは,水中生物についてのプランクトンplankton(浮遊生物),ネクトンnekton(遊泳生物),ベントスbenthos(底生生物)という類型であろう。これは呼び名の示すとおり,生物の遊泳能力にもとづく生活型分類である。…

【プランクトン】より

…自分自身に移動力がまったくないか,あってもひじょうに弱く,水の動きに逆らって移動せず,水中に浮遊して生活している生物群集と定義される。水圏の生物群集を生態的に区分するとき,水中を自由に遊泳するネクトンnekton(遊泳生物),海底と接触して生活するベントスbenthos(底生生物)と対比する語として用いられる。プランクトンは大部分が数μmから数cmの小型の生物であり,顕微鏡を用いなければ体の構造はもちろん,その存在さえ確認できないような微細な種類が多いが,傘の径が1mを超すエチゼンクラゲもプランクトンとして扱われる。…

※「benthos」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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