Baraka - Amiri Baraka

Japanese: バラカ - ばらか(英語表記)Amiri Baraka
Baraka - Amiri Baraka

African-American poet, playwright, and critic. Born in New Jersey. Born Everett Leroy Jones. After dropping out of Howard University, he served in the Air Force. After being discharged in 1957, he moved to Greenwich Village, New York. He joined a circle of Beat generation poets including Allen Ginsberg and began writing poetry in earnest. In 1958, he married a white woman, Hettie Cohen. His full-fledged literary debut was Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note (1961), a collection of original poems influenced by the avant-garde poetry of the Beat generation. During a visit to Cuba in 1960, he keenly felt that art must be political. His play Dutchman (1964), in which a young black poet aspiring to be a revolutionary is murdered by a white woman who symbolizes white America, was performed off-Broadway and won an Obie Award, drawing him instant attention. In the 1960s, he experienced a series of racist events and incidents, rejecting the white culture of the Beat generation and becoming a black nationalist, but the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965 was a decisive turning point for him, leading him to divorce Hetty, move to Harlem, and take the Islamic name Imamu Ameer Baraka, later changing it to Amiri Baraka. He married a black woman, Sylvia Robinson, and pursued a completely black style of poetry based on blues and jazz. In the 1970s, he rejected narrow-minded black nationalism and became a believer in Marxism, becoming a socialist who aimed for a global revolution while turning his attention to the Third World. His 1980 work In the Tradition is a Marxist jazz poem that combines Marxism with black oral and musical traditions to create an entirely new form. In the 1980s, he also moved beyond the sexism inherent in black nationalism. Thus, while the evolution of Baraka and his work closely parallels the development of black aesthetics since the 1940s, his prolific oeuvre is dedicated to the word and to using words to create revolution.

[Aiko Sagawa]

"The Soul of the Blues: Black Music in White America" ​​by Leroy Jones, translated by Sumio Kamibayashi (1985, Ongaku No Tomosha)

[References] | Black Literature | Malcolm X

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アフリカン・アメリカン(黒人)の詩人、劇作家、批評家。ニュー・ジャージー州生まれ。誕生名エバリット・リロイ・ジョーンズEverett Leroy Jones。ハワード大学退学後、空軍勤務。除隊後の1957年ニューヨークのグリニジ・ビレッジへ。アレン・ギンズバーグらビート世代の詩人サークルに加わり、本格的に詩作を始める。1958年白人女性ヘティ・コーエンHettie Cohenと結婚。ビート世代の前衛的な詩に影響を受けた独自の詩を収めた『20巻の自殺ノートの序文』Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note(1961)で本格的に文壇デビュー。1960年キューバ訪問の際、芸術は政治的でなければならないと痛感。革命家を目ざす黒人青年詩人が白人のアメリカを象徴する白人女性に殺される戯曲『ダッチマン』Dutchman(1964)がオフ・ブロードウェイで上演され、オービー賞を受賞、一躍注目をあびる。1960年代の一連の人種差別的できごとや事件を経験するなかで、ビート世代の白人文化を拒絶、黒人民族主義者となりつつあったが、1965年のマルコム・エックスの暗殺が決定的な契機となり、ヘティと離婚、拠点をハーレムに移し、名前もイスラム的にイマム・アミール・バラカImamu Ameer Baraka、のちにアミリ・バラカと改名。黒人女性シルビア・ロビンソンSylvia Robinsonと結婚。ブルースとジャズを基にした、完全に黒人独自の詩を探求した。1970年代には偏狭な黒人民族主義を拒否して、マルクス主義を信奉するようになり、第三世界に目を向けつつ世界の革命を目ざす社会主義者となる。1980年の「伝統の中で」In the Traditionは、マルクス主義と黒人の口承伝統、音楽の伝統とを結び付けて、まったく新しい形式をつくったマルクス主義ジャズ詩である。1980年代には黒人民族主義特有の性差別主義をも超えた。このように、バラカと彼の作品の変化は、1940年代以降の黒人美学の進展とぴったり平行しているが、多作な彼の全作品は、ことばに、またことばで革命を引き起こすことに捧げられている、といえる。

[佐川愛子]

『リロイ・ジョーンズ著、上林澄雄訳『ブルースの魂――白いアメリカの黒い音楽』(1985・音楽之友社)』

[参照項目] | 黒人文学 | マルコム・エックス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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