Zoll

Japanese: Zoll

… [Umehara Iku]
[Europe]
In the Middle Ages, merchants from distant areas had to pass through many territories and cities of different lords to visit distant markets, and they were subject to restrictions on travel within the territories and cities, and tolls were collected. The general term for these tolls was customs duty (Zoll, also called Mautgelder or Ungeld in the past), which is much broader than today's customs duties imposed on goods entering and passing through borders, and was levied when passing through roads and waterways (Strassenzoll, Kanalzoll), when using squares and harbors (Markt, Hafenzoll), and when passing through bridges and city gates (Brücken, Torzoll). Other related systems included the fee for guards (Geleitgelder) to protect travelers and their belongings from robbery while passing through the territory, the right to seize grounded property (Grundruhrrecht), which meant that anything that touched the ground belonged to the lord if a carriage broke down or overturned during the trip, and the road duty (Strassenzwang), which prohibited travel on roads other than designated roads.

From [Weights and Measures]

…The British inch was originally defined as the width of a thumb, but its meaning is related to the Latin uncia, meaning one-twelfth, and represents 1/12 of a foot. The German word Zoll is also roughly the same length as an inch, but this word has nothing to do with either the thumb or 1/12. The British yard is sometimes interpreted as the aforementioned ell itself, or as the length around the waist, but its meaning is a pole and has nothing to do with the dimensions of the human body. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Zoll" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…【梅原郁】
［ヨーロッパ］
　中世の遠隔地商人は，遠方の市場を訪れるために多くの異なった支配の領地や都市を通過しなければならず，その際，領内や都市内の通行について規制を受けたり，通行税を徴収されたりした。この通行税の総称が関税(ツォルZoll，古くはマウトゲルダーMautgelder，ウンゲルトUngeldともいう)で，国境を出入･通過する貨物に課せられる今日の関税よりはるかに広く，道路や水路の通行Strassenzoll,Kanalzoll，広場や港の使用Markt‐，Hafenzoll，橋や市門の通過Brücken‐，Torzollに際して徴収された。そのほか，領内を通行する旅行者とその所持品を略奪から守るための護衛料Geleitgelder，旅行中馬車が故障したり転覆したりした場合，土地に触れたものはすべて領主に帰属するという接地物占取権Grundruhrrecht，指定された道路以外の通行を禁止する道路強制Strassenzwangもこれに関連した制度である。…

【度量衡】より

…イギリスのインチinchはもともと親指の幅で定められたが，語義のうえでは12分の1の意のラテン語ウンキアunciaに通じ，1/12フートを表している。ドイツのツォルZollも，インチにほぼ等しい長さであるが，この語は，親指とも1/12とも無縁である。また，イギリスのヤードyardは，既述のエルellそのものとも解され，あるいは腰まわりの長さとも解されているが，語義は〈さお〉であって人体の寸法とは無縁である。…

※「Zoll」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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