ALMA

Japanese: ALMA - あるま
ALMA

ALMA is the latest international large radio telescope that was jointly constructed by Japan, the US and Europe and started operation in the Atacama Desert, 5000 meters above sea level in the Andes Mountains of Chile, South America. ALMA is an acronym for Atacama Large Mm-&-submm Array. It is translated as Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array. It is the world's largest aperture synthesis radio interferometer, with a total of 66 high-precision parabolic arrays, each with an aperture of 12 meters (54 arrays) and 7 meters (12 arrays), which are moved and deployed over a range of up to 10 kilometers depending on the observation purpose, and are connected by optical fibers to observe as a single radio telescope. It is observed in seven wavelength bands: Band 3 (3 mm band), Band 4 (2 mm band), Band 6 (1 mm band), Band 7 (0.85 mm band), Band 8 (0.75 mm band), Band 9 (0.45 mm band), and Band 10 (0.3 mm band), and receivers for new wavelength bands are scheduled to be added in the future. ALMA is capable of full-scale observations at submillimeter waves with wavelengths shorter than one millimeter, with the large light-gathering power of numerous high-precision parabolas and a parabolic arrangement covering a long baseline, achieving groundbreaking spatial resolution of 1/100 of an arc second, which was previously unattainable even with visible light. ALMA's observation targets are extremely wide-ranging, from solar system objects such as the Sun, planets, and moons, to stars, interstellar matter, galaxies, quasars, and distant cosmological observations.

The total construction budget was about 100 billion yen, of which 37.5% was contributed by ESO (European Southern Observatory), which is mainly composed of European countries, 37.5% by NRAO (National Radio Astronomy Observatory, NSF) of the United States and NRC of Canada, and 25% by NAOJ (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences) of Japan. ALMA was launched in 2002, and began full-scale observations in 2013. ALMA can be said to be the first "world telescope" in that it was jointly constructed and operated on a global level. As for the location, a dry highland was suitable for observing submillimeter waves, and after exploring potential sites around the world, the vast Atacama Desert, which is 5,000 meters above sea level and has an annual precipitation of less than 100 mm, was finally selected. Japan was one of the main proposers of the plan along with the United States and Europe from the beginning, but participation was delayed by two years due to government budgetary circumstances. However, after joining, Japan contributed to the construction on an equal footing with the US and Europe, and by utilizing its experience since the Nobeyama Radio Astronomy Observatory, it developed and constructed high-precision parabolas, high-sensitivity receivers, spectroscopic correlators, etc. During the construction, Japan (NAOJ) also formed a group with ASIAA (Academia Sinica Astronomy and Astrophysics Institute) in Taiwan and KASI (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) in Korea to form the "East Asia ALMA Regional Center" corresponding to the European ALMA Regional Center (ESO) and the North American ALMA Regional Center (USA + Canada), and is operating it as one of the tripods supporting ALMA.

Since the completion ceremony in 2013, test observations for performance confirmation and adjustment, and public observations have been carried out in parallel. The public observation time for ALMA is decided by an open international call for proposals and an international review, but the competition to acquire them is fierce, and a huge number of results and papers have already been published in all fields of astronomy. In particular, the power of observations has surprised astronomers around the world, such as the observation of violent star formation in a cosmologically distant galaxy, the discovery of an astonishing number of cosmic gravitational lenses, and the discovery of protoplanetary disks surrounding protostars and planetary systems being born therein. The large amount of observational data obtained by ALMA is immediately made public on the Internet after the one-year observer priority period and can be freely used by researchers around the world for research, and here too, great results have been achieved.

ALMA is directly operated by the ALMA Joint Observatory in Santiago, the capital of Chile, with the support of three institutions: Japan, the US, and Europe. The large-scale Operation Support Facility (OSF) is located at an altitude of 2,900 meters, about 50 kilometers from San Pedro de Atacama, the ALMA base and tourist destination, and is open to the public (but prior notice is required). Public visits are not permitted to the telescope site above that point, as it is at an altitude of 5,000 meters and involves risks such as oxygen deficiency.

[Nobuo Kaifu July 19, 2017]

[Reference item] | Radio telescope
ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array)
A large radio telescope located in the Atacama Desert at an altitude of 5,000m in northern Chile. 66 parabolic antennas are moved and deployed according to the purpose of observation, and are linked together to perform observations as a single radio telescope. Eastern suburbs of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile © Clem & Adri Bacri-Normier (wingsforscience.com) / ESO ">

ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array)

ALMA's high-precision parabolic antenna
By linking different types of antennas and adjusting the spacing between them, it becomes a radio telescope with high resolution and a wide field of view. The photograph shows high-precision parabolic antennas with diameters of 12m and 7m (right at the back center). Both are made in Japan. Eastern suburbs of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile ©ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), W.Garnier (ALMA) ">

ALMA's high-precision parabolic antenna

Betelgeuse (ALMA telescope image)
It has expanded to about 1,400 times the size of the Sun, and some parts of its surface (white areas) emit strong radio waves. Photographed by the ALMA telescope ©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/EO'Gorman/P.Kervella ">

Betelgeuse (ALMA telescope image)

Fomalhaut (ALMA telescope image)
Fomalhaut (center) and its ring of dust and gas. The ring is about 2 billion km wide and is about 20 billion km away from Fomalhaut. Image taken with the ALMA telescope ©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO);M.MacGregor ">

Fomalhaut (ALMA telescope image)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南米・チリのアンデス山脈、標高5000メートルのアタカマ高地で日米欧が共同で建設し、運用を始めた最新の国際大型電波望遠鏡。ALMAはAtakama Large Mm-&-submm Arrayの頭文字をとったもの。アタカマ大型ミリ波サブミリ波干渉計と訳される。口径12メートル(54基)、および口径7メートル(12基)の高精度パラボラ合計66基を、最大十数キロメートルの範囲に観測目的に応じて移動展開し、光ファイバーで連結して一つの電波望遠鏡として観測を行う、世界最大の開口合成型電波干渉計である。観測波長はバンド3(3ミリメートル帯)、バンド4(2ミリメートル帯)、バンド6(1ミリメートル帯)、バンド7(0.85ミリメートル帯)、バンド8(0.75ミリメートル帯)、バンド9(0.45ミリメートル帯)、バンド10(0.3ミリメートル帯)の7波長帯で、今後新たな波長域の受信機の追加も予定されている。ALMAは多数の高精度パラボラによる大集光力、長基線距離に及ぶパラボラ配置とともに、波長が1ミリメートルよりも短い「サブミリ波」での本格的観測が可能で、可視光でも届かなかった100分の1秒角という画期的な高空間分解能が達成できる。ALMAの観測対象は、太陽、惑星や衛星など太陽系諸天体から、恒星、星間物質、銀河、クエーサー、遠方の宇宙論的観測まで、きわめて広範にわたる。

 建設総予算は約1000億円で、そのうちヨーロッパ諸国を中心に構成するESO(イーソ)(ヨーロッパ南天天文台)が37.5%、アメリカのNRAO(国立電波天文台、NSF)とカナダのNRCが37.5%、日本のNAOJ(国立天文台、自然科学研究機構)が25%を拠出して2002年に開始され、2013年から本格的な観測に入った。建設から運用までが世界レベルでの共同で行われた点で、ALMAは初めての「世界望遠鏡」になったといえる。設置場所としては、サブミリ波を観測するためには乾燥高地が適切で、世界中の候補地探査のすえ、標高5000メートルで年間降水量100ミリメートル以下という広大なアタカマ高地が最終的に選択された。日本は立案当初から米欧とともに計画の主要提案国だったが、政府の予算編成の事情から参加が2年遅れた。しかし参加後は米欧と事実上対等に建設に寄与し、野辺山(のべやま)電波天文台以来の経験を生かして高精度パラボラ、高感度受信機、分光相関器などを開発・建設した。また建設の間に日本(NAOJ)は台湾のASIAA(台湾中央研究院天文・天文物理研究所)、韓国のKASI(韓国天文宇宙科学研究院)とグループを組み、ヨーロッパALMA地域センター(ESO)、北米ALMA地域センター(アメリカ+カナダ)に対応する「東アジアALMA地域センター」を形成して、ALMAを支える三脚の一つとして運用にあたっている。

 2013年の完成式以降、性能確認・調整のための試験観測と公募による観測が並行して進められてきた。ALMAの公募観測時間はオープンな国際公募と国際審査によって決められるが、その獲得競争は激烈で、すでに天文学のあらゆる分野に及んで膨大な成果・論文が発表されている。とくに宇宙論的遠方の銀河における激しい星生成の観測、驚くべき多数の宇宙重力レンズの発見、原始星を取り巻く原始惑星系円盤や、その中で生まれつつある惑星系の発見など、観測の威力で世界の天文学者を驚かせた。ALMAで得られた大量の観測データは、1年間の観測者優先期間の後すぐにネットで公開されて世界中の研究者による研究に自由に用いられており、ここでも多大の成果をあげている。

 ALMAは、日米欧の3機関の支援のもと、チリの首都サンチアゴにおかれたALMA合同天文台によって直接運用されている。ALMAの基地で観光地でもあるサン・ペドロ・デ・アタカマから約50キロメートルの標高2900メートルサイトに大規模な運用支援施設OSF(Operation Support Facility)があり、一般の訪問者も見学できる(ただし事前連絡が必要)。そこから上の望遠鏡サイトは標高5000メートルの高地で酸素不足などの危険を伴うため、一般見学は許可されていない。

[海部宣男 2017年7月19日]

[参照項目] | 電波望遠鏡
ALMA(アタカマ大型ミリ波サブミリ波干渉計)
チリ北部、標高5000mのアタカマ砂漠にある大型電波望遠鏡。66基のパラボラアンテナを観測目的に応じて移動展開し、連結して一つの電波望遠鏡として観測を行う。チリ サン・ペドロ・デ・アタカマ東郊©Clem&Adri Bacri-Normier(wingsforscience.com)/ESO">

ALMA(アタカマ大型ミリ波サブミリ波…

ALMAの高精度パラボラアンテナ
異なる種類のアンテナを連動させ、アンテナの間隔を調整することで、高解像度かつ広視野の電波望遠鏡となる。写真は口径12mと7m(中央奥右側)高精度パラボラアンテナ。いずれも日本製である。チリ サン・ペドロ・デ・アタカマ東郊©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), W.Garnier(ALMA)">

ALMAの高精度パラボラアンテナ

ベテルギウス〈ALMA望遠鏡画像〉
太陽の約1400倍にまで膨張し、表面の一部(白い部分)では電波が強くなっている。ALMA望遠鏡により撮影©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/E.O'Gorman/P.Kervella">

ベテルギウス〈ALMA望遠鏡画像〉

フォーマルハウト〈ALMA望遠鏡画像〉
フォーマルハウト(写真中央)と、塵とガスによる環。環の幅は約20億kmで、フォーマルハウトからの距離はおよそ200億km。ALMA望遠鏡により撮影©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO);M.MacGregor">

フォーマルハウト〈ALMA望遠鏡画像〉


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