Wahhabism - Wahhabha

Japanese: ワッハーブ派 - わっはーぶは
Wahhabism - Wahhabha

A sect of Islam. It is called Wahhabism, but in reality it is more of a religious movement than an independent sect. It is an Islamic religious reform movement based on the advocacy of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab (1703-87) and which became the basis for the founding of Saudi Arabia.

Wahhab was inclined to Sufism (Islamic mysticism) in his youth, but later resonated with the writings of Ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328), who belonged to the Hanbali school, and started a new religious movement. His ideology was restorationist or purist, denying all innovations (bid'a) added to primitive Islam and preaching "return to the Quran and Sunnah (the example of the Prophet)". While rejecting Sufism that had adopted non-Islamic elements such as saint worship, he also criticized the 'ulama (jurers) who had become complacent and lethargic with tradition. Since Ibn Saud of the House of Saud supported and supported the Wahhabi religious movement in the mid-18th century, the Wahhabi movement expanded militarily and established the first Wahhabi kingdom on the Arabian Peninsula. Although this movement has since experienced ups and downs, it has led to the founding of Saudi Arabia in 1932 by Ibn Saud's descendants.

The Wahhabi movement was a pioneer of Islamic modernization and has had a great impact on the Islamic world. The idea of ​​realizing an Islamic state based on Sharia (Islamic law) supported Muslim religious and political movements, and similar movements arose one after another in various places such as India and Africa. These movements are sometimes called Wahhabism. It is also the source of the Islamic fundamentalist movement that is widely seen in the Islamic world today.

[Yoshiko Oda]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イスラム教の一派。ワッハーブとよばれるが、実態は独立の宗派というより宗教運動に近い。ムハンマド・イブン・アブドゥル・ワッハーブ(1703―87)の主唱に基づき、サウジアラビア建国の基礎となったイスラムの宗教改革運動をいう。

 ワッハーブは若いころスーフィズム(イスラム神秘主義)に傾倒したが、のちにハンバリー学派に属したイブン・タイミーヤ(1263―1328)の著作に共鳴し、新しい宗教運動を開始した。彼の思想は、原始イスラムに付加された革新(ビドア)のいっさいを否定し、「コーランとスンナ(預言者の範例)に戻れ」と説く復古あるいは純化主義である。聖者崇拝など非イスラム的要素を受容したスーフィズムを排斥する一方、伝統に安住し無気力に陥ったウラマー(法学者)をも非難した。18世紀中ごろ、サウド家のイブン・サウドがワッハーブの宗教運動を支持・支援して以来、ワッハーブ運動は軍事的に拡大され、第一次ワッハーブ王国をアラビア半島に建てた。この運動はその後盛衰を繰り返しつつも、1932年にイブン・サウドの子孫によってサウジアラビアを建国するまでに至った。

 ワッハーブ運動はイスラム近代化の先駆をなし、イスラム世界に与えた影響は大きい。シャリーア(イスラム法)に基づくイスラム国家実現の理念はムスリムの宗教・政治運動の支えとなり、類似した運動がインド、アフリカなどの各地で相次いで生じた。それらの運動をワッハーブ主義とよぶこともある。それはまた今日イスラム世界に広くみられるイスラム原理主義的運動の源流をなすものでもある。

[小田淑子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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